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ELM3 - vertical modules > pharmacology > Flashcards

pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the indication for acyclovir?

A

Varicella zoster infection, herpes simplex (genital, non-genital/labial), cytomegalovirus prophylaxis

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2
Q

What is the drug class of acyclovir?

A

Antiviral (purine analogue)

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3
Q

What is the mechanism of action of acyclovir?

A

Nucleoside analogue that selectively inhibits viral replication of herpes simplex and varicella zoster, by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase

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4
Q

What is the drug class of adrenaline?

A

Sympathomimetic

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5
Q

What are the indications for adrenaline?

A

acute anaphylaxis, cardiopulmonary resuscitation

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6
Q

What is the mechanism of action of adrenaline?

A

Acts on adrenoreceptors in the same way as endogenous adrenaline, cause increased blood prssure, tachycardia and raised blood glucose

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7
Q

What is the drug class of alendronate/alendronic acid?

A

Biphsophonate

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8
Q

What are the indications for alendronate?

A

osteoporosis, Paget’s disease

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9
Q

What is the mechanism of action of alendronate?

A

Inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption by binding to bone, and becoming activated when osteoclasts attempt to break it down

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10
Q

What is the drug class of allopurinol?

A

Xanthine oxidase inhibitor

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11
Q

What is the drug class of allopurinol?

A

Xanthine oxidase inhibitor

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12
Q

What are the indications for allopurinol?

A

gout prophylaxis, renal stones, hyperuricaemia

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13
Q

What is the mechanism of action of allopurinol?

A

Inhibits xanthine oxidase, the enzyme responsible for converting the precursors of uric acid, reducing plasma and urinary uric acid concentrations

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14
Q

What is the drug class of alteplase?

A

Fibrinolytic/thrombolytics

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15
Q

What are the indications for alteplase?

A

Ischaemic stroke, pulmonary embolism, acute MI

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16
Q

What is the mechanism of action of alteplase?

A

Catalyses the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, which is then used to enzymatically cleave fibrin, breaking down blood clots

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17
Q

What is the drug class of amiodarone?

A

Class III anti-arrhythmic/potassium channel blocker

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18
Q

What are the indications for amiodarone?

A

Atrial fibrillation/flutter, tachyarrhythmias, tachycardias

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19
Q

What is the mechanism of action of amiodarone?

A

Blocks potassium channels, which in the heart causes an increased refractory period of the myocardium and atria, slowing heart rate and increasing coronary blood flow

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20
Q

What is the drug class of amitriptyline?

A

Tricyclic antidepressant

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21
Q

What are the indications for amitriptyline?

A

Depression, chronic/neurogenic pain

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22
Q

What is the mechanism of action for amitriptyline?

A

Non-selectively Inhibits NA (noradrenaline) and 5-HT (serotonin) reuptake by inhibiting membrane pump mechanisms

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23
Q

What is the drug class of aspirin?

A

NSAID/anti-platelet

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24
Q

What are the indications for aspirin?

A

angina, pain, pyrexia, thrombotic prophylaxis, acute thrombosis (e.g. MI)

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25
Q

What is the mechanism of action of aspirin?

A

Irreversibly inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, which inhibits prostaglandin synthesis to reduce inflammation, and blocks thromboxane to prevent platelet aggregation

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26
Q

What is the drug class of atorvastatin?

A

Statin

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27
Q

What are the indications for atorvastatin?

A

hypercholesterolaemia/hyperlipidaemia, prevention of CVD

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28
Q

What is the mechanism of action of atorvastatin?

A

Inhibits the HMG-reductase enzyme, which reduces the synthesis of cholesterol, and up-regulates LDL receptors to further lower plasma cholesterol.

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29
Q

What is the drug class of atropine?

A

Anti-muscarinic

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30
Q

What are the indications for atropine?

A

Bradycardia

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31
Q

What is the mechanism of action of atropine?

A

antagonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, decreasing parasympathetic activity at the SA node, thereby increasing heart rate

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32
Q

What is the drug class of bendrofluazide?

A

Thiazide diuretic

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33
Q

What are the indications for bendrofluazide?

A

hypokalemia, hyponatremia, Addison’s disease, renal impairment

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34
Q

What is the mechanism of action of bendrofluazide?

A

Increases sodium, and therefore water reabsorption in the distal tubule. This increases potassium excretion via Na/K exchane

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35
Q

What is the drug class of carbamazepine?

A

Antiepileptic

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36
Q

What are the indications for carbamazepine?

A

epilepsy (partial seizures), diabetic neuropahty, acute mania, bipolar disorder

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37
Q

What is the mechanism of action of carbamazepine?

A

Sodium channel blocker that stabilises hyper-excited nerve membranes

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38
Q

What is the drug class of levodopa?

A

Depoaminergic agent

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39
Q

What are the indications for levodopa?

A

Parkinson’s disease

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40
Q

What is the mechanism of action of levodopa?

A

Acts as a precursor of dopamine, that is converted in the brain to replenish striatal dopamine that is lost in Parkinson’s

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41
Q

What is the drug class of ceftriaxone?

A

Cephalosporin antibiotic

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42
Q

What are the indications for ceftriaxone?

A

otitis media, sepsis, UTIs, meningitis, gonococcal infection, pelvic inflammatory disease, low resp infections

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43
Q

What is the mechanism of action of ceftriaxone?

A

Inhibits cell wall synthesis of gram-negative bacteria

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44
Q

What is the drug class of cilazapril?

A

ACE inhibitor

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45
Q

What are the indications for cilazapril?

A

hypertension, congestive heart failure

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46
Q

What is the mechanism of action of cilazapril?

A

Suppresses the RAAS system by inhibiting the conversion of Ang I to Ang II via the ACE enzyme. This results in vasodilation, lowered blood pressure and renal efferent arteriole vasodilation to protect the kidneys

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47
Q

What is the drug class of clozapine?

A

Antipsychotic

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48
Q

What are the indications for clozapine?

A

Schizophrenia

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49
Q

What are the indications for clozapine?

A

Schizophrenia

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50
Q

What is the mechanism of action of clozapine?

A

Dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist

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51
Q

What is the drug class of codeine?

A

Opioid analgesic

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52
Q

What are the indications of codeine?

A

pain

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53
Q

What is the mechanism of action of codeine?

A

Agonist of mu opioid receptors in the CNS, and is also converted to morphine which has similar effects

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54
Q

What is the drug class of dabigatran?

A

Anticoagulant

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55
Q

What are the indications for dabigatran?

A

previous stroke/TIA, embolism, heart failure

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56
Q

What is the mechanism of action of dabigatran?

A

Direct inhibitor of thrombin

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57
Q

What is the drug class of diazepam?

A

Benzodiazipine

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58
Q

What are the indications for diazepam?

A

acute disabling anxiety, peri-operative sedation, status epilepticus

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59
Q

What is the mechanism of action of diazepam?

A

Increases CNS inhibition, by acting as allosteric modulators of GABA-A receptors, increasing GABA binding

60
Q

What is the drug class of diclofenac?

A

NSAID

61
Q

What are the indications for diclofenac?

A

musculoskeletal pain, inflammatory disease (RA, gout, ankylosing spondylitis)

62
Q

What is the mechanism of action of diclofenac?

A

Inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 to reduce prostaglandin synthesis, reducing inflammation

63
Q

What is the drug class of digoxin?

A

Cardiac glycoside

64
Q

What are the indications for digoxin?

A

Heart failure, supraventricular arrhythmias

65
Q

What is the mechanism of action of digoxin?

A

Increases myocardial contractility and reduces heart rate by decreasing action of the Na/K ATPase channel in the heart

66
Q

What is the drug class of diltiazem?

A

Calcium Channel Blocker

67
Q

What are the indications for diltiazem?

A

Angina, hypertension

68
Q

What is the mechanism of action of diltiazem?

A

Inhibitis the slow inward current of calcium ions via L-type calcium channels in the heart, thereby reducing heart rate and blood pressure.

69
Q

What is the drug class of doxazosin?

A

Alpha-1 antagonist

70
Q

What are the indications for doxazosin?

A

hypertension, benign prostatic hypertrophy

71
Q

What is the mechanism of action of doxazosin?

A

Blocks alpha-1 adrenoceptors in vascular smooth muscle, causing vasodilation and reducing blood pressure. In the prostate, will reduce smooth muscle activity, reducing urinary outlet obstruction

72
Q

What is the drug class of enalapril?

A

ACE inhibitor

73
Q

What are the indications for enalapril?

A

hypertenion, heart failure, diabetic nephropathy

74
Q

What are the indications for enalapril?

A

hypertension, heart failure, diabetic nephropathy

75
Q

What is the mechanism of action of enalapril?

A

Suppresses the RAAS system by inhibiting conversion of Ang I to Ang II via ACE. This reduces blood pressure and reduces glomerular pressure and increases renal blood fow

76
Q

What is the drug class of enoxaparin?

A

Low molecule weight heparin

77
Q

What are the indications for enoxaparin?

A

unstable angina, DVT prophylaxis, DVT/PE, acute STEMI

78
Q

What is the mechanism of action of enoxaparin?

A

Increases the activity of anti-thrombin, decreasing thrombin formation and ultimately preventing the development of a fibrin clot

79
Q

What is the drug class of erythromycin?

A

Macrolide antibiotic

80
Q

What are the indications for erythromycin?

A

community acquired pneumonia, campylobacter enterocolitis, other bacterial infections

81
Q

What is the mechanism of action of erythromysin?

A

Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the bacterial ribosome

82
Q

What is the drug class of fluexitine?

A

Selective Seretonin Reputake inhibitor

83
Q

What are the indications for fluoxetine?

A

depression, OCD

84
Q

What is the mechanism of action of fluoxetine?

A

Inhibits serotonin reuptake transporters in the synaptic cleft, increasing synaptic concentration/duration of serotonin

85
Q

What is the drug class of frusemide?

A

Loop diuretic

86
Q

What are the indications for frusemide?

A

oedema, resistant hypertension, nephrotic syndrome, heart failure

87
Q

What is the mechanism of action of frusemide?

A

Inhibits NKCC2 co-transporters in the loop of Henle, reducing reabsorption of sodium, potassium and calcium, and preventing formation of a HOMG, reducing water reabsorption.

88
Q

What is the drug class of empaglifozin?

A

SGLT-2 inhibitor

89
Q

What are the indications for empaglifozin?

A

Type 2 Diabetes

90
Q

What is the mechanism of action of empagliflozin?

A

Selectively inhibits SGLT-2 transporters in the proximal tubule, which prevents the reabsorption of glucose, leading to increased urinary glucose excretion and reduced plasma glucose. Also reduces sodium reabsorption which has a diuretic effect, reducing blood pressure.

91
Q

What is the drug class of gentamicin?

A

aminoglycoside antibiotic

92
Q

What are the indications for gentamicin?

A

sepsis, CNS infections, acute pyelonephritis, pneumonia

93
Q

What is the mechanism of action of gentamicin?

A

Disrupts bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the bacterial ribosome

94
Q

What is the drug class of gliclazide?

A

Sulfonylurea

95
Q

What are the indications for gliclazide?

A

Type 2 Diabetes

96
Q

What is the mechanism of action of gliclazide?

A

Stimulates insulin secretion from pancreatic Beta-Cels by increasing their sensitivity to glucose.

97
Q

What is the drug class of haloperidol?

A

Antipsychotic

98
Q

What is the drug class of haloperidol?

A

Antipsychotic

99
Q

What are the indications of haloperidol?

A

schizophrenia, mania, impulsive behaviour

100
Q

What is the mechanism of action of haloperidol?

A

Dopamine receptor antagonist, reducing hallucinations, delusions and psychosis

101
Q

up to insulin :)

A
102
Q

What is the drug class of lignocaine/lidocaine?

A

Infiltration anaesthesia, nerve blocks, surface anaesthesia (spray/cream/patch)

103
Q

What is the mechanism of action of lignocaine?

A

Blocks voltage gated sodium channels in peripheral nerves to prevent the transmission of action potentials, particularly pain signals

104
Q

What is the drug class of lithium?

A

Mood stabiliser

105
Q

What are the indications for lithium?

A

Acute mania, bipolar depression, prophylaxis of bipolar

106
Q

What is the mechanism of action of lithium?

A

Unknown - likely involves inhibiting enzymes involved in neural plasticity

107
Q

What is the drug class of losartan?

A

Angiotensin Receptor Blocker (ARB)

108
Q

What are the indications for losartan?

A

Hypertension, heart failure, cardio-renal disease

109
Q

What is the mechanism of action of losartan?

A

Antagonist of the Ang I receptor, blocking the effects of Ang II and therefore causing vasodilation, reduced aldosterone secretion and reduced fibrosis

110
Q

What is the drug class of metformin?

A

Biguanide antidiabetic

111
Q

What are the indications for metformin?

A

Type 2 Diabetes, PCOS

112
Q

What is the mechanism of action of metformin?

A

decreases hepatic glucose production, decreases intestinal absorption of glucose, and improves insulin sensitivity by increasing peripheral glucose uptake and utilization.

113
Q

What is the drug class of metaclopramide?

A

Antiemetic (dopamine antagonist)

114
Q

What are the indications for metaclopramide?

A

nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia

115
Q

What is the mechanism of action of metoclopramide?

A

Antagonist of dopamine, that increases upper GI motility and increases gastric emptying to reduce nausea and vomiting

116
Q

What is the drug class of metoprolol?

A

Beta Blocker

117
Q

What are the indications for metoprolol?

A

angina, arrhythmias, hypertension, hyperthyroidism, migraine

118
Q

What is the mechanism of action of metoprolol?

A

Blocks Beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart, reducing activity of the SA node to reduce heart rate and increase time in diastole to improve coronary perfusion

119
Q

What is the drug class of naloxone?

A

Opioid receptor antagonist

120
Q

What are the indications for naloxone?

A

Narcotic overdose

121
Q

What is the mechanism of action of naloxone?

A

Competitive antagonist at opioid receptors

122
Q

What is the drug class of penicillin?

A

Beta lactam antibiotic

123
Q

What are the indications for penicillin?

A

otitis media, endocarditis, community acquired pneumonia

124
Q

What is the mechanism of action of penicillin?

A

Inhibits prosteglycan cross linking in the bacterial cell wall

125
Q

What is the drug class of phenytoin?

A

Antiepileptic

126
Q

What are the indications for valproate?

A

epilepsy (excluding a absence seizures), status epilepticus,

127
Q

What is the mechanism of action of phenytoin?

A

Stabilises sodium channels in nerves, to prevent the spread of seizure activity

128
Q

What is the drug class of prednisone?

A

Corticosteroid/glucocorticoid

129
Q

What are the indications for prednisone?

A

dermatological conditions, asthma, emphysema, adrenal hyperplasia, leukaemia, inflammatory conditions (RA, gout, etc.)

130
Q

What is the mechanism of action of prednisone?

A

Is a glucocorticoid, which activates cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors which alter gene expression, leading to anti-inflammatory and metabolic effects

131
Q

What is the drug class of propofol?

A

IV general anaesthetic

132
Q

What are the indications for propofol?

A

inducing/maintaining anaesthesia, sedation for procedures/ventilation

133
Q

What is the mechanism of action of propofol?

A

Acts as a GABA-A receptor agonist, causing reversible global CNS depression.

134
Q

What is the mechanism of action of propofol?

A

Acts as a GABA-A receptor agonist, causing reversible global CNS depression.

135
Q

What is the drug class of simvastatin?

A

Statin

136
Q

What are indications for simvastatin?

A

dyslipidaemia, familial hypercholesterolaemia, CVD

137
Q

What is the mechanism of action of simvastatin?

A

Inhibits the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme, which decrease the synthesis of cholesterol. This results in an upregulation in LDL receptors which increases LDL uptake and lowers plasma levels.

138
Q

What is the drug class of spironolactone?

A

Potassium sparing diuretic

139
Q

What is the drug class of spironolactone?

A

Potassium sparing diuretic

140
Q

What are the indications for spironolactone?

A

Oedema/ascites in liver failure, nephrotic syndrome, heart failure oedema, resistant hypertension

141
Q

What is the mechanism of action of spironolactone?

A

Antagonist of aldosterone, which acts by competitively binding to aldosterone receptors in the distal tubule, to lower activity of the Na/K pump, resulting in decreased sodium reabsorption and decreased potassium excretion (thus, potassium sparing).
Also has an anti-androgen effect, which is effective in treating female hirsutism

142
Q

What is the drug class of valproate?

A

Anti-epileptic

143
Q

What are the indications for valproate?

A

Epilepsy, mania/bipolar

144
Q

What is the mechanism of action of valproate?

A

Blockage of voltage-gated sodium channels in the brain and potentiation of inhibitory action of GABA, reducing seizure activity

145
Q

What is the drug class of warfarin?

A

anticoagulant

146
Q

What are indications for warfarin?

A

VTE/PE, stroke prophylaxis after MI/AF, thromboembolism prophylaxis in patients with prosthetic heart valves

147
Q

What is the mechanism of action of warfarin?

A

Inhibits Vitamin K reductase, which reduces levels of Vitamin K, which are needed for the gamma-carboxylation of Factors X, IX, VII and II (prothrombin). This results in an ability for the coagulation cascade to produce a fibrin clot

ELM3 - vertical modules (4 decks)

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