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MPT04 Felipe > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of dopamine ?

A

Neurotransmitter produced in the substantia nigra.
Reward and movement regulation.
Precursor of norepinephrine and epinephrine.

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2
Q

What is the role of serotonin ?

A

Synthesized in the Raphe nuclei.
Regulate behavior, mood, memory, perception, anger, aggression, fear, appetite, sexuality.
Primary treatment target for many psychiatric and neurological disorders such as major depressive disorder, PTSD, OCD and anxiety. Also plays a role in stress response and addiction.

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3
Q

What is the function of norepinephrine ?

A

Produced in the locus coeruleus.
It activates the amygdala to perceived and activate under stress. Leads CNS in a state of high alert.
Sleep, wakefulness, feeding behavior, attention and memory consolidation.

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4
Q

What are the requirements for the definition of neurotransmitter ?

A
  • synthesized by neuron
  • pre-synaptic vesicle
  • subsides regulatory mechanism
  • specific receptors
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5
Q

What is the function of mesocortical pathway ?

A
  • goal directed behavior
  • attention
  • motivational responses
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6
Q

What is the function of the mesolimbic pathway ?

A
  • goal directed behavior
  • pleasure
  • emotional processes
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7
Q

Nigrostriatal pathway

A
  • coordination
  • attention
  • adaptation
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8
Q

Why are drugs prescribed ?

A
  • as a complement to rehabilitation
  • pain management
  • movement disorder management
  • increase sleep
  • increase arousal
  • reduce anxiety and depression
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9
Q

What are the clinical selection criteria?

A
  • clinical efficiency
  • recommandations
  • approved indications
  • scientific litterature
    -document technique commun
  • legal status
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10
Q

What are the technical selection criteria ?

A
  • packaging
  • convenience
  • safety of utilization
  • storage
  • expiration
  • label
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11
Q

In general which substances will support neuroplasticity ?

A

Stimulants that mimic excitatory neurotransmitter but theses substances are likely to cause withdrawal syndrome and addiction.

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12
Q

Why would detrimental substances to neuroplasticity be prescribed ?

A
  • to decrease pain
  • to decrease maladaptation
  • to decrease HPAxis
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13
Q

Which prescribed substances are detrimental to neuroplasticity ?

A
  • anti-convulsive (eg: phenytoin)
  • barbiturates : anti-convulsive, sedative, hypnotic
  • benzodiazepines : anxiolytic
  • butyrophenones: neuroleptic antipsychotic
  • clonidin: anti hyper tensor
  • prazosin: anti hyper tensor
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14
Q

What are the most common side effects of diuretics ?

A
  • vomiting
  • decreased visual activity
  • thirst sensation
  • muscle pain
  • hypotension
  • weakness
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15
Q

What are the adverse effects of diuretics ?

A
  • chest pain
  • dry cough
  • dehydration
  • decreased awareness
  • issues with gaz exchange in the lungs
  • renal failure
  • seizure
  • fever
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16
Q

When the patient is under medication when is the best timing for physical therapy ?

A

Cross over period between first and second intake when the risk for adverse effects is the lowest.

17
Q

What are the side effects of barbiturates ?

A
  • confusion
  • hallucination
  • confusion
  • somnolence
  • decreased heart rate
  • feeling light-headed
  • weakness
18
Q

What are the adverse effects of barbiturates ?

A
  • dizziness
  • loss of balance
  • dyskinesia
  • hyperreflexia
  • vomiting
  • sleep disturbance (issues with memory consolidation)
19
Q

What are the side effects of calcium channel blockers ?

A
  • blurred vision
  • chest pain
  • confusion
  • somnolence
  • decreased heart rate
  • feeling light-headed
  • weakness
20
Q

What are the adverse effects of calcium channel blockers ?

A
  • dizziness
  • loss of balance
  • diskynesia
  • hyperreflexia
  • vomiting
  • sleep disturbance
21
Q

What are the side effects of stimulants ?

A
  • orthostatic hypotension
  • somnolence
  • repetitive behavior
  • dependence
  • increased diskynesia
22
Q

What are the adverse effects of stimulants ?

A
  • delusion
  • athetosis
  • psychosis
23
Q

What are the side effects of antipsychotics ?

A
  • somnolence
  • headache
  • constipation
  • edema
  • lactation
24
Q

What are the adverse effects of antipsychotics ?

A
  • tremor
  • loss of balance
  • dizziness
  • increased heart rate
  • hyperkinesia
  • fever
25
Q

What are the manifestations of serotonin syndrome ?

A

Neuromuscular effects:
- occular clonus
- tremor
- hyperreflexia

Cognitive effects:
- agitation
- attention deficit

Autonomic effects:
- hypertension
- tachycardia
- dilated pupils

26
Q

What are the manifestations of SSRI withdrawal syndrome ?

A
  • dizziness
  • «brain zaps»
  • sleep disturbance
  • sweating
  • nausea
  • tremor
27
Q

What is the indication for lithium ?

A
  • mood regulator
  • bipolar disorders
28
Q

What are the short term side effects of lithium ?

A
  • diarrhea
  • abdominal discomfort
  • tremor
  • ataxia
  • polydipsia (thirst)
  • dry mouth
  • dysarthria
  • drowsiness
  • slowed processing in executive faculties
29
Q

What are the long term (weeks) side effects of lithium ?

A
  • nausea
  • diarrhea
  • worsening of dyskinetic issue
  • diabetes insipidus
  • myeloproliferation
30
Q

What are the long terme (years) side effects of lithium ?

A
  • decreased renal function
  • hypothyroidism
  • worsening of dyskinetic symptoms
  • acne
  • alopecia
31
Q

What are the indications for B-1a interferon ?

A
  • MS
    Part of the family of cytokines which are secreted by many immune and non immune cell types (eg: macrophages, lymphocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells) which posses immune modulators effects as well as antiviral and anti tumor properties.
  • reduction of antigen presentation
  • decreased T-cell stimulation
  • decreased inflammatory response
  • increased production of anti inflammatory cytokines
  • decreases destruction of oligodendrocytes
32
Q

What are the indications of B-1a interferon and their mechanism of action ?

A
  • mostly MS
  • family of cytokines secreted by immune and non immune cells (macrophages, lymphocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial) which posses immunomodulatory effects as well as entiviral and anti tumor properties.
  • reduction of antigen presentation
  • decreased T-cell stimulation
  • decreased inflammatory response
  • increased secretion of anti inflammatory cytokines
  • decreased presence of antigen presenting molecules
  • reduction of pro inflammatory cytokines
  • decreased destruction of oligodendrocytes
33
Q

What are the side effects of b-1a interferon ?

A
  • small dexterity impairments
  • generalized weakness
  • non-pathological muscle tone increase
  • alteration in the menstrual cycle
  • change in sex drive (men)
34
Q

What are the types of DA replacement therapy ?

A
  • DA precursors
  • DA agonists
  • MAO B inhibitors
  • COMT inhibitors
  • anticholinergics
  • amandatine
35
Q

Side effects of DAergic medication ?

A
  • not as effective as L-DOPA but with longer half time
  • hallucinations
  • sleepiness
  • compulsive behavior
36
Q

What are the adverse effects of amantadine ?

A
  • short symptom relief
  • mostly used at later stages of PD
  • hallucinations
  • cardiovascular dysfunction
  • dependency
37
Q

What are the adverse effects of anticholinergics?

A
  • memory deficit
  • confusion
  • hallucinations
  • constipation
  • impaired urination
38
Q

Why is Tolcapone rarely prescribed ?

A

Common COMT inhibitor.
Risk of liver damage.

39
Q

What are the adverse effects of MAO B inhibitors ?

A
  • nausea
  • insomnia
  • if associated with L-DOPA: increas risk of hallucination
  • life-threatening adverse effects if administered with antidepressants or narcotics

MPT04 Felipe (4 decks)

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