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Biology > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

The study of the effect of drugs on the function of living systems environment

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2
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

This is how the drugs effects the body

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3
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

This is the effect of the body on the drug, encompassing how it enters, moves through, is possibly altered and exits the body.

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4
Q

What is a drug?

A

A drug is a chemical substance with a known structure which is administered to a living organism to produce a biological effect

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5
Q

What is medicine?

A

This is a chemical preparation, which usually contains one or more drug, administered with the intention of producing a therapeutic effect

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6
Q

What is a target?

A

A biological structure or molecule in the body that interacts with a drug to produce its therapeutic effect

Usually a protein

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7
Q

How do targets impact specifity?

A

Drugs are designed to bind with a specific target

Classes of drugs to bind to similar targets

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8
Q

What are the main types of targets?

A

Receptors
Enzymes
Ion channels
Transport molecules

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9
Q

Explain receptors as a target

A

Receptors act as a biological switch for processes within the cell

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10
Q

Explain enzymes as a target

A

Enzymes that exist within a metabolic pathway will have their functional activity altered by the drug

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11
Q

What causes specifity?

A

The shape of the drug and the target at a molecular level are the same

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12
Q

What happens when a specific drug binds to a specific target?

A

Binding will alter the overall shape of the target leading to a number of things:
- switch on or switch off enzymes
- switch on or off metabolic processes
- allow substances to pass through membrane

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13
Q

What causes side effects?

A

No drug is absolutely specific

Actions of other targets will cause side effects

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14
Q

Describe the The WHO analgesic ladder

A

Stage 1 - non-opioids
Stage 2 - weak - opioids
Stage 3 - Strong opioids

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15
Q

Give an example of a non-opioids

A

Paracetamol
Ibuprofen (NSAIDS)
Aspirin

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16
Q

Give an example of a weak opioids

A

Codeine

17
Q

Give an example of a Strong opioids

A

Morphine
Pethidine
Diamorphine
Methadone

18
Q

What do non-opioids work on?

A

The peripheral nervous system- on peripheral mechanisms that stimulate nociceptors causing pain.

19
Q

What do opioids work on?

A

Opioids act on the Central nervous system by inhibiting transmission of pain stimulus

20
Q

What does COX stand for?

A

Cyclo-oxygenase

21
Q

What is COX?

A

A family of enzymes responsible for the production of prostaglandins

22
Q

What are the three functions of prostaglandins?

A

Stimulate inflammatory response
Stimulate nociceptive nerve endings
Prostaglandins adjust and elevate body temperature control

23
Q

What part of the brain do prostaglandins act on?

A

The hypothalamus

24
Q

What is the acronym for how the drug interacts with the body in pharmacokinetics?

A

A - Absorption
D - Distribution
M - Metabolism
E - Excretion

25
Q

Explain absorption in pharmacokinetics

A

This means how the drug is absorbed from the site of administration

26
Q

Explain Distribution in pharmacokinetics

A

Drug is transported and distributed around the body through the bodies’ natural transport systems, moving down concentration gradients and being transported locally into cells and tissues

27
Q

Explain Metabolism in pharmacokinetics

A

Drugs are subjected to enzymatic reactions of metabolic processes

28
Q

Explain Excretion in pharmacokinetics

A

How the drug exits the body, including the excretion of its metabolites

29
Q

What are the main routes of excretion?

A

Liver via the bile into the gut and the faecally

Filtration by the kidneys into the urine

Sweating

30
Q

What are the four ways a drug can move across cell membranes?

A
  • Diffusion through the phospholipid bilayer
  • Diffusion through aqueous pores

Via solute carriers or membrane transporters

Pinocytosis

31
Q

what is pinocytosis?

A

This is the process by which invagination of a section of the cell membrane will encompass the drug in a smaller membrane bound vesicle, of which its contents is released into the cytoplasm

32
Q

What does OCT stand for and what is it?

A

Organic Cation Transporter - it is a solute carrier

33
Q

What does OAT stand for and what is it?

A

Organic Anion Tranporter -

This is a solute carrier

34
Q

Why would solute carriers be used?

A

Polar drugs containing charged ions will be transported across the membrane in aqueous pores formed by glycoproteins of the cell membrane

However, often drugs are too large and so will bind with solute carriers, having their shape altered and passively move across the cell membrane, being released into the cell.

35
Q

Describe the make up of the cell membrane

A

The cell membrane can be described as a phospholipid bilayer. Contain two rows of inverted phospholipids, with inward facing hydrophobic fatty acid tails and a hydrophilic head group.

36
Q

List all the routes of administration

A

Oral
Rectal
Epithelially
Injections
IV
Inhalation
Sublingual

Biology (10 decks)

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