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NPLEX2 review of modalities > pharmacology > Flashcards

pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

atorvastatin

A

-Lipid lowering via HMGcoA reductase
-monitor liver: ALT, AST at start and 6wks
-give with CoQ10 atleast 100mg
-discontinue if muscle pain / liver enzymes spike

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2
Q

simvastatin

A

-lipid lowering agent
-HMGCOA reductase
- give with CoQ10
-monitor liver enzymes at start and 6 wks
- d/c if muscle pain or liver enzymes spike

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3
Q

reasons to discontinue a statin

A

muscle pain or liver enzyme spike

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4
Q

what should you always give with a statin

A

coQ10

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5
Q

Niacin

A

stimulates hepatic lipid breakdown
SE: flushing, rash
CI: liver toxicity - slow release more toxic to liver
1-2 g per day

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6
Q

Hydrochlorothiazide

A

-HCTZ or diuretic
-For HTN / Edema
-inhibits sodium and chloride reuptake in distal tubule to reduce GFR
-SE: low potassium, high calcium, high glucose, renal failure
NEVER IN SULFONAMIDE OR THIAZIDE INTOLERANCE

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7
Q

Furosemide

A

Loop diuretic
HTN and Edema
pulls sodium and chloride out of loop of henle
SE: low potassium, high calcium, high glucose, low BP

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8
Q

Triamterene

A

potassium sparing diuretic
HTN, edema
works in distal tubule
SE: high potassium ( hyperkalemia)
turns urine blue , may combine with HCTZ

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9
Q

Spironolactone

A

aldosterone antagonist
HTN, Edema, PCOS
SE: high potassium, breast diformity

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10
Q

drug ending in OLOL is what kind

A

beta blocker

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11
Q

drug ending PRIL

A

ACE inhibitor

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12
Q

drug ending in SARTAN

A

ARB

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13
Q

Clonidine

A

alpha 2 central agonist in brain stem
HTN - used for rapid drop in BP over 4 hrs
relaxes vessels and renal system
TAPER OFF- can cause rebound HTN

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14
Q

Reserpine

A

Catecholamine depleting agent
HTN
SE: drowsiness, anxiety, depression, bradycardia, congestion, Nausea, diarrhea,
NEVER within 2 weeks of MAOI
ITS VERY LOW DOSE 0.25mg BID max

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15
Q

Atenolol

A

Beta 1 blocker
HTN, angina
SE: fatigue, vertigo, bradycardia, bronchospasm, CHF
NEVER WITH digitalis
TAPER

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16
Q

metoprolol

A

Beta 1 blocker
HTN, angina
SE: fatigue, vertigo, bradycardia, bronchospasm, CHF
NEVER with digitalis
TAPER

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17
Q

What two beta blockers are B1 adrenergic receptor blockers

A

atenolol and metoprolol

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18
Q

Propranolol

A

Beta 1 and 2 blocker
HTN, angina, arrythmias, migraines essential tremors
SE: fatigue, bradycardia, hypotension, N/V, CHF
ALWAYS TAPER

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19
Q

Carvedilol

A

beta 1 and 2 blocker
HTN, angina, arrythmias, migraines, essential tremors
SE: fatigue, bradycardia, hypotension, N/V, CHF
TAPER

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20
Q

Timolol

A

Beta 1 and 2 blocker
HTN, angina, arrythmias, migraines, essential tremor
SE: fatigue, bradycardia, hypotension, N/V, CHF
TAPER

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21
Q

verapamil

A

Calcium channel blocker
HTN, angina
SE: constipation, dizzy, edema, CHF
NOT WITH CIMETIDINE

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22
Q

diltiazem

A

calcium channel blocker
Angina, HTN, AFIB
HA, edema, dizzy, arrythmia, CHF, nausea, constipation, rash
NOT WITH CIMETIDINE

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23
Q

amlodipine

A

calcium channel blocker
HTN, angina
SE: dizziness, CHF, edema, HA, weakness, nausea
capsules are passed in stool

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24
Q

Lisinopril

A

ACE inhibitor
HTN, heart failure
SE: dry persistent cough , tachycardia, rash, renal dysfunction, HA, high potassium
NEVER IN PREGNANCY

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25
Q

irbesartan

A

ARB - blocks angiotensin 2 receptor
HTN for those with ACE intolerance
SE: renal dysfunction, high potassium, hypotension

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26
Q

losartan

A

ARB blocks angiotensin 2 receptor
HTN for those with ACE intolerance
SE: renal dysfunction, high potassium, hypotension

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27
Q

Valsartan

A

ARB blocks angiotensin 2 receptor
HTN for those with ACE intolerance
SE: renal dysfunction, high potassium, hypotension

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28
Q

warfarin

A

blocks vitamin K and factors 2,7,9,10
For: thrombosis, rheumatic heart disease, emboli, ischemic heart disease
SE: prolonged bleeding, hemorrhage, rash, fever, diarrhea
Monitor PTT

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29
Q

Heparin

A

inhibits clotting factors via AT3
prevention of DVT, Emboli, DIC
SE: hemorrhage, cutaneous necrosis, chills, fever, itching
Caution: menstruating female, liver dz, blood dz

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30
Q

clopidogrel

A

blocks TA2 adn PG2 in clotting cascade
For reducing risk of stroke, MI
SE: salicylism, GI bleed, tinnitus, rash, occult blood, tenderness to palpation

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31
Q

aspirin

A

blocks TA2, PG2 in clotting cascade
Reduces risk of stroke, MI
SE: GI bleed, tinnitus, rash, occult blood

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32
Q

digoxin

A

class 1 anti arrhythmic
inhibits sodium potassium pump increasing cardiac action potential threshold with calcium
For: CHF, atrial tachycardia, AFIB, A flutter
SE: fatigue, arrhythmia, weakness, agitation, blurred vision, nausea
Toxicity is high- yellow halo around vision- death

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33
Q

Lidocaine

A

class 1 anti arrhythmic
AFIB,Aflutter, CHF
SE: fatigue, agitation, blurred vision, nausea

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34
Q

what meds are class 2 anti arrhythmic

A

beta blockers

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35
Q

amiodarone

A

class 3 anti arrhythmic
delay repolarization by lengthening AP, and reducing SA node function
MOST PEOPLE CAN’T TOLERATE IT
lung toxicity, liver toxicity

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36
Q

What meds are class 4 anti arrhythmic

A

calcium channel blockers

37
Q

nitroglycerin

A

anti anginal
increases blood flow to heart , decreases preload and afterload
Angina
SE: HA, dizziness, tachycardia, rash, hypotension
sublingual 1 tab every 5 min 3 doses

38
Q

loratadine

A

Antihistamine blocks H1 receptor
seasonal allergies
non sedating
NEVER USE WTIH erythromycin, ketoconazole, itraconazole- causes fatal arrythmia

39
Q

Diphenhydramine

A

Antihistamine
blocks H 1 receptor
Allergic reactions from Type 1 response or insomnia
SE: DROWSINESS, nausea, seizures, thrombocytopenia, agranulocytosis
NEVER with CNS depressants or MAOI’s

40
Q

cetirizine

A

antihistamine
H1 blocker
NON SEDATING
Seasonal allergies

41
Q

Promethazine

A

antihistamine
H1 blocker
SEDATING
allergic responses
NEVER with CNS depressants or MAOI’s

42
Q

epinephrine

A

Direct sympathomimetic - vasoconstriction of alpha1, vasodilate beta 2
Anaphylaxis,bronchoconstriction and local anesthesia
SE: cerebral hemorrhage, CVA, HTN, Vfib, shock , N/V, drowsiness
IV: 1:10,000 0.1-0.2mg/mL 2 ml every 5 minutes
IM 1:1,000 0.5-1mg/mL 1 ml
NOT IN CLOSED ANGLE GLAUCOMA

43
Q

oxymetazoline

A

nasal spray or eye drops for vasoconstriction
Congestion
SE: arrythmia, anaphylaxis, asthmatic episode , HA
DO NOT USE WITH MAOI or sever HTN

44
Q

Phenylephrine

A

sympathomimetic- vasoconstricts alpha 1
for Congestion, hypotension
SE: arrythmia, anaphylaxis, asthmatic episode,
NEVER WITH MAOI or severe HTN

45
Q

pseudoephedrine

A

sympathomimetic , vasoconstricts alpha 1
decongestant
SE: anxiety, palpitation, HA, insomnia
NEVER with MAOI

46
Q

albuterol

A

B2 adrenergic agonist for bronchodilation
Acute asthma , fast acting
SE: anxiety, tachycardia, HA, palpitations, nausea, bronchospasm
NOT with CNS stimulants

47
Q

Atropine

A

muscarinic antagonist
emergency bronchodilation
SE: dry mouth tachycardia

48
Q

acetylcysteine

A

Mycolytic at high doses
For : pneumonia, bronchitis, TB, CF, emphysema
SE: rhinorrhea, stomatitis, nausea, vomiting, bronchospasm
Not with activated charcoal

49
Q

guaifenesin

A

Mucolytic
Pneumonia, TB, emphysema
SE: none
50-400mg every 4 hours depending on age

50
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

end in sone, zone or onide
decrease respiratory irritation and inflammation
for use with bronchodilators
SE: water retention, CV problems, osteoporosis, peptic ulcer

51
Q

ipratropium bromide

A

anticholinergic bronchodilator
bronchospasm with COPD or asthma
SE: arrhythmias, palpitations, anxiety, nausea
Not for single use

52
Q

tiotropium

A

anticholinergic bronchodilator
maintenance of bronchospasm in COPD and asthma
SE: arrhythmias, palpitations, anxiety, nausea
NOT FOR SINGLE USE

53
Q

what are the rescue acute inhalers

A

epinephrine, albuterol

54
Q

what are the maintenance inhalers

A

steroids, ipratropium, tiotropium,

55
Q

what are the maintenance inhalers

A

steroids, ipratropium, tiotropium,

56
Q

cromolyn sodium

A

mast cell stabilizer
bronchial asthma in adults and kids
solution 20mg
inhaled 800mcg

57
Q

budesonide

A

inhaled steroid
asthma
1-2 per day

58
Q

fluticasone

A

steroid
nasal or oral
once daily

59
Q

salmeterol

A

LABA
asthma
increased risk of asthma related death

60
Q

codeine

A

cough suppressant

61
Q

hydrocodone

A

cough suppressant

62
Q

Nystatin

A

antifungal - disrupts cell wall
topical kill even in GI tract
for candida anywhere
1million units TID
SE: contact dermatitis

63
Q

Terbinafine

A

antifungal
topical and oral
mainly onychomycosis of nails

64
Q

fluconazole

A

antifungal
systemic kill
need breaks if using long term

65
Q

permethrin

A

antiparasitic
paralysis of parasites
SCABIES, pediculosis
SE: pruritis, edema, rash, burning, stinging

66
Q

mebendazole

A

anthelminthic
prevents nutrient uptake by helminths
pinworms, roundworms, hookworms
SE: abdominal pain, fever, diarrhea
repeat after 3 weeks to kill larvae

67
Q

Metronidazole

A

antiprotozoal
inhibits DNA synthesis
Amoebas, trich, giardia
SE: GI distress, seizure, ataxia, rash, joint pain
DO NOT DRINK ALCOHOL , Potentiates p450 drugs

68
Q

hydroxychloroquine

A

antimalarial
malaria, amebiasis
SE: HA, dizziness, pruritis, seizures, retinal change, ototoxicity

69
Q

gentamicin

A

antibiotic - aminoglycosides
stops DNA synthesis
Serious infection with enterobacter, E. Coli, pneumonia, pseudomnoas

SE: ototoxic, nephrotoxic, neurotoxic
okay for breastfeeding

70
Q

penicillin

A

antibiotic -targets cell wall
Beta lactams
gram positive bacteria , syphilis
SE: GI dysbiosis, Ki failure especially in IV, liver damage, superinfection , neurotoxic,
not effective against beta lactamase or Gram neg bacteria

71
Q

ampicillin

A

antibiotic
inhibits cell wall
gram postivie and negative, prophylaxis for dentist
SE: N/V, rash, urticaria, anaphylaxis
not effective against beta lactam organisms

72
Q

amoxicillin

A

antibiotic
inhibits cell wall
some gram positive and negative - dental prophylaxis
not against beta lactimase unless mixed with clavulanate

73
Q

how long are antibiotics given

A

10days

74
Q

cephalexin

A

cephalosporin - inhibits cell wall 1st gen
For: URI, skin infections, GI
SE: maculopapular rash
CAUTION WITH PENECILLIN ALLERGY

75
Q

erythromycin

A

macrolide- stops bacterial DNA synthesis
for M. Pneumonia, pertussis, C. Pneumonia, strep, URI
SE: GI pian, N/V, anaphylaxis
NEVER IN PREGNANCY, caution with kidney problems

76
Q

clarithromycin

A

macrolide, stops bacterial DNA formation
Bronchitis, urinary STI that is not gonorrhea
caution in pregnancy

77
Q

azithromycin

A

macrolide, interferes with DNA synthesis
bronchitis, non gonococcal uti or STI
fewer GI effects, less medication needed
safer in pregnancy
this is a Zpak

78
Q

Doxycycline

A

antibiotic - tetracycline
stops bacterial protein synthesis
Gram positive and negative, chlamydia, lyme
acne- prophylaxis
SE: intracranial HTN, GI upset, rash, increased pigmentation,
NEVER IN PREGNANCY, <9YO, lactation

79
Q

minocycline

A

Tetracycline antibiotic
most absorbed in stomach, low GI kill rate

80
Q

nitrofurantoin

A

UTI antibiotic
NOT IN SIGNIFICANT RENAL IMPAIRMENT , pregnancy 3rd trimester
take with food

81
Q

clindamycin

A

lincosamide antibiotic
gram positive cocci alternative for penacillin
better absorbed more active

82
Q

ciprofloxacin

A

fluoroquinolone antibiotic
stops bacterial DNA formation
Wide spectrum: URI, UTI, bone infections, GI
SE: GI, seizures, achilles tendon rupture , stop growth plate development
NEVER IN KIDS UNDER 18

83
Q

levofloxacin

A

fluoroquinolone , stops DNA synthesis
Wide spectrum: URI, UTI, GI, bone,
not if <18yo
SE: achilles tendon rupture, stop growth plate closure

84
Q

isoniazid

A

Anti TB via inhibits cell wall
TB
SE: neuropathies, hepatotoxic, GI, rash
give with B6

85
Q

rifampin

A

anti TB
Tb
GIVE WITH B-6
hepatotoxic

86
Q

mupirocin

A

topical antibiotic
stops bacterial RNA
Impetigo, MRS, prophylaxis
Few side effects
expensive

87
Q

acyclovir

A

antiviral, stops replication
HSV1 and 2, varicella, herpes, encephalitis, mollerets syndrome may occure
SE: N/V rash

88
Q

valacyclovir

A

antiviral, stops replication
HSV1 and 2, varicella, herpes, encephalitis
SE: nausea, rash

NPLEX2 review of modalities (7 decks)

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