Pharmacology Flashcards
What is Generic
Refers to a group name i.e. penicillin
What is Pharmac
a New Zealand Crown entity that decides on behalf of the DHB’s which medicines and pharmaceutical products are subsidised for use in the community and public hospitals
What is Parenteral
the administration of drugs by ay route other than mouth
What is a receptor
a large group of proteins that are molecule targets for drugs and lignads
What are pharmacokinetics
the study of how a drug is altered during the process of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and exception
What are enzyme
biological molecule that catalyses a chemical reaction or causes a chemical change in another substance
What is the small intestine
the major site for absorption of orally administered drugs
What is Hepatic First Pass Effect
orally administered drugs pass from the intestine to the liver before reaching the systemic circulation resulting in a proportion of the medication being metabolised by the liver before it reaches the bloodstream
What is metabolism
the enzymatic breakdown of a drug to a metabolite, that is typically less biological active and more water soluble (making it easier to be exerted in the urine)
What is an agonist
a drug that binds to and activates the receptor, producing the same response as the indigenous ligand
What is an antagonist
a drug that binds to the receptor and blocks the access to the endogenous ligand, thus diminishing the normal response
What is an adverse drug reaction
unintended and undesirable response to a drug
What is an adverse drug reaction type A
predictable, unintended, and undesirable response to a drug
What is an adverse drug reaction type B
unpredictable, unintended, and undesirable response to a drug
What is lysis
the disintegration of a cell by rapture of the cell wall or membrane
What is a pro-drug
a drug that is converted to its active form after absorption
What is bacterial cell wall
complex, mesh-like structure that in most bacteria is essential for maintenance of cell shape and structural integrity
What is a steady state
the situation in which the rate of a drug administered equals the rate of elimination and the plasma concentration remains constant
What is half-life
the time taken for the blood or plasma concentration of a drug to fall by 50%
What is pharmacogenetics
the study of genetic differences that can alter an individual’s response to a drug
What is pharmacodynamics
the study of the interaction between a drug and its molecular target, and the physiological response. What the drug does to the body - usually described as the mechanism of action
What is an enzyme induction
a cause for metabolic drug interactions, usually arises from an increase synthesis of more of the enzyme protein leading to an increase in drug metabolism
What is medsafe
the New Zealand Medicines and Medical Devices Safety Authority, is the medical regulatory body run by the NZ MOH
What is creatinine clearance
the volume of blood plasma cleared of creatinine per unit time. It is a rapid and cost-effective method for the measurement of renal function
What is efficacy
the ability of a drug to achieve its desired therapeutic response
What is ligand
a a substance that forms a complex with a receptor to serve a biological purpose
What is elimination
the irreversible loss of drug from the body by the process of metabolism and excretion
What is potency
the amount of drug required to produce 50% of the drugs maximal effect, the more potent the drug, the lower the dose required for the given effect
What is specificity
refers to the narrowness of action of a drug, the property of the drug that acts at one site, producing one effect
What is a therapeutic index
A ratio that compares the blood concentration at which a drug becomes toxic and the concentration at which the drug is effective. The larger the ratio the safer the drug is
What is partial agonist
binds to and activates a receptor but is only able to elicit partial efficacy at that receptor
What is zero order kinetics
elimination of drugs at a constant rate regardless of the plasma concentration
Salmeterol
1. Mechanism of action
2. List 4 side effects
3. list three points of pt education
Long acting Beta Agonist
1. binds to and stimulates bronchial beta 2 receptors = bronchodilation
2. fine tremor, headache, muscle cramps, palpitation
3. shake well before use
should not be used to treat acute bronchospasm
continue to use on a regular basis, must contact prescriber if taking other drugs
Salbutamol
1. Mechanism of action
2. list 4 side effects
3. list 3 points of pt education
short acting beta agonist
1. adrenergic agonist binds to and stimulates bronchial beta receptors resulting in smooth muscle relaxation and bronchodilation
2. tremor, nervousness, weakness, insomnia
3. shake, clear nasal passage and throat inhale deeply and hold your breath for several seconds
what adleast 2 minutes before repeating
use bronchodilators before steriod
Cefazolin
1. Mechanism of action
2. list 4 side effects
3. list 3 points of pt education
cephalosporins
1. attach to penicillin binding proteins to interrupt cell wall biosynthesis leading to cell death
2. Nausea, diarrhoea, oral candidiasis, vomiting
Penicillin
1. Mechanism of action
2. list 4 side effects
3. list 3 points of pt education
amoxicillin
1. Penicillin are antibacterials that attach to penicillin binding proteins to interrupt cell wall biosynthesis, leading to bacterial cell lysis and death
2. nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain
3. finish full course
can take with or without food (at least 4 hrs apart)
missed dose (take it as soon as you remember do not take extra doses to make up for forgotten dose)
Fluticasone
1. MOA
2. 4 side effects
3. 3 pt education
inhaled corticosteroids
1. inhaled corticosteroids that decrease airway inflammation and bronchial reactivity, by reducing inflammatory mediator production & secretion. decrease histamine. increase b-agonist responsiveness
2. candidiasis, throat irritation, dysphonia, adrenal suppression
Ipratropium
1. MOA
2. 4 side effects
3. 3 pt education
short acting muscarinic antagonist (SAMA) 1.inhibits acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors in bronchial smooth muscle. This causes bronchodilation and symptomatic improvement
2. dry mouth, GI distress, headache, cough
3. not effective for treating acute episodes of bronchospasm
correct oral inhalation
if more than 1 inhalation is ordered advise person to wait at least 2 mins before repeating dose
Tiotropium
1. MOA
2. 4 side effects
3. 3 pt education
long acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA)
1. inhibits acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors in bronchiole smooth muscle causing bronchodilation and education of symptoms
2. dizziness, headache, candidiasis, nausea
3. not for acute treatment of bronchospasm
teach correct oral inhalation technique
use tiotropium first, wait 5 mins before using steroid inhaler.
