Pharmacology

Question 1

What is Generic

Answer 1

Refers to a group name i.e. penicillin

Question 2

What is Pharmac

Answer 2

a New Zealand Crown entity that decides on behalf of the DHB’s which medicines and pharmaceutical products are subsidised for use in the community and public hospitals

Question 3

What is Parenteral

Answer 3

the administration of drugs by ay route other than mouth

Question 4

What is a receptor

Answer 4

a large group of proteins that are molecule targets for drugs and lignads

Question 5

What are pharmacokinetics

Answer 5

the study of how a drug is altered during the process of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and exception

Question 6

What are enzyme

Answer 6

biological molecule that catalyses a chemical reaction or causes a chemical change in another substance

Question 7

What is the small intestine

Answer 7

the major site for absorption of orally administered drugs

Question 8

What is Hepatic First Pass Effect

Answer 8

orally administered drugs pass from the intestine to the liver before reaching the systemic circulation resulting in a proportion of the medication being metabolised by the liver before it reaches the bloodstream

Question 9

What is metabolism

Answer 9

the enzymatic breakdown of a drug to a metabolite, that is typically less biological active and more water soluble (making it easier to be exerted in the urine)

Question 10

What is an agonist

Answer 10

a drug that binds to and activates the receptor, producing the same response as the indigenous ligand

Question 11

What is an antagonist

Answer 11

a drug that binds to the receptor and blocks the access to the endogenous ligand, thus diminishing the normal response

Question 12

What is an adverse drug reaction

Answer 12

unintended and undesirable response to a drug

Question 13

What is an adverse drug reaction type A

Answer 13

predictable, unintended, and undesirable response to a drug

Question 14

What is an adverse drug reaction type B

Answer 14

unpredictable, unintended, and undesirable response to a drug

Question 15

What is lysis

Answer 15

the disintegration of a cell by rapture of the cell wall or membrane

Question 16

What is a pro-drug

Answer 16

a drug that is converted to its active form after absorption

Question 17

What is bacterial cell wall

Answer 17

complex, mesh-like structure that in most bacteria is essential for maintenance of cell shape and structural integrity

Question 18

What is a steady state

Answer 18

the situation in which the rate of a drug administered equals the rate of elimination and the plasma concentration remains constant

Question 19

What is half-life

Answer 19

the time taken for the blood or plasma concentration of a drug to fall by 50%

Question 20

What is pharmacogenetics

Answer 20

the study of genetic differences that can alter an individual’s response to a drug

Question 21

What is pharmacodynamics

Answer 21

the study of the interaction between a drug and its molecular target, and the physiological response. What the drug does to the body - usually described as the mechanism of action

Question 22

What is an enzyme induction

Answer 22

a cause for metabolic drug interactions, usually arises from an increase synthesis of more of the enzyme protein leading to an increase in drug metabolism

Question 23

What is medsafe

Answer 23

the New Zealand Medicines and Medical Devices Safety Authority, is the medical regulatory body run by the NZ MOH

Question 24

What is creatinine clearance

Answer 24

the volume of blood plasma cleared of creatinine per unit time. It is a rapid and cost-effective method for the measurement of renal function

Question 25

What is efficacy

Answer 25

the ability of a drug to achieve its desired therapeutic response

Question 26

What is ligand

Answer 26

a a substance that forms a complex with a receptor to serve a biological purpose

Question 27

What is elimination

Answer 27

the irreversible loss of drug from the body by the process of metabolism and excretion

Question 28

What is potency

Answer 28

the amount of drug required to produce 50% of the drugs maximal effect, the more potent the drug, the lower the dose required for the given effect

Question 29

What is specificity

Answer 29

refers to the narrowness of action of a drug, the property of the drug that acts at one site, producing one effect

Question 30

What is a therapeutic index

Answer 30

A ratio that compares the blood concentration at which a drug becomes toxic and the concentration at which the drug is effective. The larger the ratio the safer the drug is

Question 31

What is partial agonist

Answer 31

binds to and activates a receptor but is only able to elicit partial efficacy at that receptor

Question 32

What is zero order kinetics

Answer 32

elimination of drugs at a constant rate regardless of the plasma concentration

Question 33

Salmeterol
1. Mechanism of action
2. List 4 side effects
3. list three points of pt education

Answer 33

Long acting Beta Agonist
1. binds to and stimulates bronchial beta 2 receptors = bronchodilation
2. fine tremor, headache, muscle cramps, palpitation
3. shake well before use
should not be used to treat acute bronchospasm
continue to use on a regular basis, must contact prescriber if taking other drugs

Question 34

Salbutamol
1. Mechanism of action
2. list 4 side effects
3. list 3 points of pt education

Answer 34

short acting beta agonist
1. adrenergic agonist binds to and stimulates bronchial beta receptors resulting in smooth muscle relaxation and bronchodilation
2. tremor, nervousness, weakness, insomnia
3. shake, clear nasal passage and throat inhale deeply and hold your breath for several seconds
what adleast 2 minutes before repeating
use bronchodilators before steriod

Question 35

Cefazolin
1. Mechanism of action
2. list 4 side effects
3. list 3 points of pt education

Answer 35

cephalosporins
1. attach to penicillin binding proteins to interrupt cell wall biosynthesis leading to cell death
2. Nausea, diarrhoea, oral candidiasis, vomiting

Question 36

Penicillin
1. Mechanism of action
2. list 4 side effects
3. list 3 points of pt education

Answer 36

amoxicillin
1. Penicillin are antibacterials that attach to penicillin binding proteins to interrupt cell wall biosynthesis, leading to bacterial cell lysis and death
2. nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain
3. finish full course
can take with or without food (at least 4 hrs apart)
missed dose (take it as soon as you remember do not take extra doses to make up for forgotten dose)

Question 37

Fluticasone
1. MOA
2. 4 side effects
3. 3 pt education

Answer 37

inhaled corticosteroids
1. inhaled corticosteroids that decrease airway inflammation and bronchial reactivity, by reducing inflammatory mediator production & secretion. decrease histamine. increase b-agonist responsiveness
2. candidiasis, throat irritation, dysphonia, adrenal suppression

Question 38

Ipratropium
1. MOA
2. 4 side effects
3. 3 pt education

Answer 38

short acting muscarinic antagonist (SAMA) 1.inhibits acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors in bronchial smooth muscle. This causes bronchodilation and symptomatic improvement
2. dry mouth, GI distress, headache, cough
3. not effective for treating acute episodes of bronchospasm
correct oral inhalation
if more than 1 inhalation is ordered advise person to wait at least 2 mins before repeating dose

Question 39

Tiotropium
1. MOA
2. 4 side effects
3. 3 pt education

Answer 39

long acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA)
1. inhibits acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors in bronchiole smooth muscle causing bronchodilation and education of symptoms
2. dizziness, headache, candidiasis, nausea
3. not for acute treatment of bronchospasm
teach correct oral inhalation technique
use tiotropium first, wait 5 mins before using steroid inhaler.