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Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Who discovered Contrast media?

A

Walter Bradford Cannon

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2
Q

who is the other person who suspectively discovered the contrast media

A

Albert Moser

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3
Q

when is the Contrast media discovered?

A

1896

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4
Q

when is the first reported
Gastrointestinal contrast study
performed using Bismuth and it is considered as toxic

A

1897

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5
Q

why Walter Cannon and Albert Moser choose Bismuth?

A

because it is used in anti diarrheal drug that allows the subject to excrete fesses

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6
Q

when Barium Sulfate was used as a Contrast media

A

1910

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7
Q

why barium sulfate is one of the used contrast media in the contemporary

A

because it dissolves and coats the walls of the organs that allows to be seen in a radiograph

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8
Q

how iodinated based contrast media was discovered?

A

it was first used as a treatment for syphilis and later discovered as radio opaque and was used as a contrast media intravenously that allows to visualize the small parts of the organs and the blood vessels.

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9
Q

what are the two types of barium sulfate?

A

barium enema and barium swallow

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10
Q

what is barium enema

A

it is used to administer to the rectum and allows to see the colon or large intestine (it is usually used to visualize the lower gastrointestinal tract)

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11
Q

what is barium swallow

A

it is used to administer orally and it allows to visualize the upper gastrointestinal tract

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12
Q

what is the contrast media used in MRI

A

gadolinium

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13
Q

what is the characteristic of gadolinium that it makes as a perfect subject for contrast media in MRI’s

A

it is ferromagnetic (easily magnetized)

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14
Q

this is the difference in optical density between parts of image in radiograph, and it is used to enhance or to highlight a body part to compare 2 difference parts

A

contrast

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15
Q

what are the factors of contrast

A

anatomical density or absorption coefficient of different tissues

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16
Q

used to improve pictures of the inside of the body produced by X-rays, Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).

A

Contrast Media

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17
Q

does Contrast media permanently dyes or colors the walls of your organs?

A

no

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18
Q

what are the uses of contrast media?

A

*Arteriography – X-ray of the blood vessels
* Angiography (DSA) –Cardiology
* Venography (replaced by ultrasound Doppler)
* Fluoroscopy
* CT
* MRI
* Ultrasound – Liver and Kidneys
* Myelography (replaced by MRI)
* Arthrography – Knee joints

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19
Q

what do we call the 3 simultaneous insertion of contrast media?

A

tri-phase scan examination

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20
Q

what is the substance that can eliminate contrast media inside the body?

A

water

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21
Q

what are the historical condition or current condition that prohibits the patient from taking a contrast media

A

kidney failure
renal problem
diabetes
and history of heart attack

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22
Q

what are the four ways to administer contrast media?

A

oral
rectal
intravenous
intraarticular/inhalation

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23
Q

refers to structure that are dense and resist the passage of x-ray; appears WHITE or LIGHT in a radiographic image

A

radiopaue

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24
Q

refers to structure that are less dense and permits the x- ray beam to pass through them; appears BLACK or DARK

A

radiolucent

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25
Substance having a higher atomic number than the surrounding tissues and they usually appear white on the radiograph
positive contrast
26
what are the two examples of positive contrast
barium sulfate iodine based
27
it is the most common contrast material taken by mouth, or orally. It is also used rectally
barium sulfate
28
what are the forms or physical state of barium sulfate?
liquid powder paste tablet
29
it is also known as colon xray procedure
barium enema
30
is a test that may be used to determine the cause of painful swallowing, difficulty with swallowing, abdominal pain, bloodstained vomit, or unexplained weight loss.
barium swallow
31
is a colorless liquid which includes iodine. It is injected into your blood stream to allow your organs to be seen more clearly on x-rays
iodine based
32
what are the two types of iodine based Contrast media?
ionic and non-ionic
33
what is the difference between ionic and non-ionic
ionic is inexpensive but have high adverse effect and the non ionic is vise versa
34
what is adverse effect?
undesired reaction or effect of the body
35
Substance having a lower atomic number than the surrounding tissues and it appears black on the radiograph (low absorption)
Negative Contrast
36
what are the examples of negative contrast?
air, oxygen and carbon dioxide
37
it alters the magnetic properties of nearby water molecules, which enhances the quality of MR images.
gadolinium
38
what are the factors in selecting contrast media?
1. It must be non-toxic 2. It must have adequate contrast 3. It must have viscosity 4. It must have suitable persistence 5. It must have miscibility
39
what is viscosity?
it is a measurement of resistance of the fluid to the flow
40
what are the physical state of contrast?
1. Liquid Form 2. Tablet Form 3. Powder 4. Oil
41
it is the test weather the patient has an allergic reaction to the drug
sensitivity test
42
what are the method of introducing sensitivity test?
scleral sublingual intradermal intravenous
43
a drop of contrast is introduced to the eye ball
scleral
44
a drop of contrast in tounge
sublingual
45
1-2cc of contrast injected just beneath the skin
intradermal
46
3-5ml of contrast injected in the veins
intravenous
47
what is the most used sensitivity test?
intravenous
48
what are the general principles in treatment of contrast reaction
1. the radiologist must have knowledge and equipment to treat the most CM reaction with the help of radiologic technologist 2. it is the responsibility of the radiologist and radiologic technologist to perform the procedure with proper medication and equipment readily available and working 3. the response time of the treatment should be minimized
49
what are the rules to be remember
1. Know the patient! 2. Recognize that there is a problem. 3. Be prepared to deliver treatment quickly and know when to call for help.
50
what are the 1st degree adverse reaction
sneezing, coughing, yawning, reddening of the skin, nausea, vomiting, slight fever, chills, itching, urticaria, flushing of the face
51
what are the 2nd degree adverse reaction
drop in BP, bradycardia, dyspnea, spastic cough
52
what are the 3rd degree adverse reaction
shock, tachycardia, massive drop in BP, bronchospasm, w/ wheezing, asthma attack, stridor abnormal breathing occurring when the larynx and trachea are obstructed) choking, convulsion , glottis edema , lung edema
53
what are the 4th degree adverse reaction
Circulatory and Respiratory arrest
54
when was the regulation of nurses to inject to PX in the PH was established?
1993
55
what is the meaning of ANSAP?
Association of Nursing Service Administration of the Philippines, Inc
56
when was the PRX adopted the ANSAP IV Nursing standards of practice?
Feb 4, 1994
57
what is the meaning of PRC?
Philippine Regulation Commission
58
what is the law that regulates the IV nursing stadards of practice?
R.A#7164
59
what are the standard care for IV?
1. Assessment 2. Diagnosis 3. Outcome identification 4. Implementation 5. Evaluation
60
what are the types of law are applicable to IV therapy?
criminal law tort malpractice
61
An offense against the public due to harmful effect on the welfare of society as a whole; conviction results or fine/ imprisonment.
CRIMINAL LAW
62
private errors by action or omission;negligence which can result in civil action by the harmed person.
TORT
63
negligent conduct of a professional; failure to act is a reasonably prudent manner that result in harm to a person.
malpractice
64
what are the common errors in IV therapy|?
1. wrong dosage, contraindication and time 2. failure in communication and documentation 3. use of equipment error, using defective equipment, and following another unsafe act or manner 4. failure to act or follow standard care
65
what are the duties and responsibilities of the IV therapist?
1. Interpret and carry out the physician’s prescriptions for IV therapy 2. Prepare, initiate, and terminate IV therapy based on physician’s written prescription. 3. Perform peripheral venipuncture (all types of needles & cannulas) excluding the insertion of subclavian and cut down catheter. 4. Determine solution and medication incompatibilities 5. Administer computed medication, chemotherapeutic drugs, and flow rates of solutions, compatible blood / blood components and parenteral nutrition as prescribed by the physician. 6. Assess all adverse reactions related to IV therapy and initiate appropriate nursing interventions. 7.Establish care plan related to IV therapy 8. Adhere to established infection control practices. 9. Maintain proper care of IV equipment. 10. Document relevant data in the preparation, administration and termination of all forms of IV therapy.
66
tuloy monalang sa consent (prior to to IV insertion)

Midterm (4 decks)

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