Pharmacology Flashcards
Who discovered Contrast media?
Walter Bradford Cannon
who is the other person who suspectively discovered the contrast media
Albert Moser
when is the Contrast media discovered?
1896
when is the first reported
Gastrointestinal contrast study
performed using Bismuth and it is considered as toxic
1897
why Walter Cannon and Albert Moser choose Bismuth?
because it is used in anti diarrheal drug that allows the subject to excrete fesses
when Barium Sulfate was used as a Contrast media
1910
why barium sulfate is one of the used contrast media in the contemporary
because it dissolves and coats the walls of the organs that allows to be seen in a radiograph
how iodinated based contrast media was discovered?
it was first used as a treatment for syphilis and later discovered as radio opaque and was used as a contrast media intravenously that allows to visualize the small parts of the organs and the blood vessels.
what are the two types of barium sulfate?
barium enema and barium swallow
what is barium enema
it is used to administer to the rectum and allows to see the colon or large intestine (it is usually used to visualize the lower gastrointestinal tract)
what is barium swallow
it is used to administer orally and it allows to visualize the upper gastrointestinal tract
what is the contrast media used in MRI
gadolinium
what is the characteristic of gadolinium that it makes as a perfect subject for contrast media in MRI’s
it is ferromagnetic (easily magnetized)
this is the difference in optical density between parts of image in radiograph, and it is used to enhance or to highlight a body part to compare 2 difference parts
contrast
what are the factors of contrast
anatomical density or absorption coefficient of different tissues
used to improve pictures of the inside of the body produced by X-rays, Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
Contrast Media
does Contrast media permanently dyes or colors the walls of your organs?
no
what are the uses of contrast media?
*Arteriography – X-ray of the blood vessels
* Angiography (DSA) –Cardiology
* Venography (replaced by ultrasound Doppler)
* Fluoroscopy
* CT
* MRI
* Ultrasound – Liver and Kidneys
* Myelography (replaced by MRI)
* Arthrography – Knee joints
what do we call the 3 simultaneous insertion of contrast media?
tri-phase scan examination
what is the substance that can eliminate contrast media inside the body?
water
what are the historical condition or current condition that prohibits the patient from taking a contrast media
kidney failure
renal problem
diabetes
and history of heart attack
what are the four ways to administer contrast media?
oral
rectal
intravenous
intraarticular/inhalation
refers to structure that are dense and resist the passage of x-ray; appears WHITE or LIGHT in a radiographic image
radiopaue
refers to structure that are less dense and permits the x- ray beam to pass through them; appears BLACK or DARK
radiolucent
Substance having a higher atomic number than the surrounding tissues and they usually appear white
on the radiograph
positive contrast
what are the two examples of positive contrast
barium sulfate
iodine based
it is the most common contrast material taken by mouth, or orally. It is also used rectally
barium sulfate
what are the forms or physical state of barium sulfate?
liquid
powder
paste
tablet
it is also known as colon xray procedure
barium enema
is a test that may be used to
determine the cause of painful swallowing,
difficulty with swallowing, abdominal pain,
bloodstained vomit, or unexplained weight loss.
barium swallow
is a colorless liquid which
includes iodine. It is injected into your blood
stream to allow your organs to be seen more
clearly on x-rays
iodine based
what are the two types of iodine based Contrast media?
ionic and non-ionic
what is the difference between ionic and non-ionic
ionic is inexpensive but have high adverse effect and the non ionic is vise versa
what is adverse effect?
undesired reaction or effect of the body
Substance having a lower atomic number than the
surrounding tissues and it appears black on the
radiograph (low absorption)
Negative Contrast
what are the examples of negative contrast?
air, oxygen and carbon dioxide
it alters the magnetic properties of nearby
water molecules, which enhances the quality of MR
images.
gadolinium
what are the factors in selecting contrast media?
- It must be non-toxic
- It must have adequate contrast
- It must have viscosity
- It must have suitable persistence
- It must have miscibility
what is viscosity?
it is a measurement of resistance of the fluid to the flow
what are the physical state of contrast?
- Liquid Form
- Tablet Form
- Powder
- Oil
it is the test weather the patient has an allergic reaction to the drug
sensitivity test
what are the method of introducing sensitivity test?
scleral
sublingual
intradermal
intravenous
a drop of contrast is introduced to the eye ball
scleral
a drop of contrast in tounge
sublingual
1-2cc of contrast injected just beneath the skin
intradermal
3-5ml of contrast injected in the veins
intravenous
what is the most used sensitivity test?
intravenous
what are the general principles in treatment of contrast reaction
- the radiologist must have knowledge and equipment to treat the most CM reaction with the help of radiologic technologist
- it is the responsibility of the radiologist and radiologic technologist to perform the procedure with proper medication and equipment readily available and working
- the response time of the treatment should be minimized
what are the rules to be remember
- Know the patient!
- Recognize that there is a
problem. - Be prepared to deliver
treatment quickly and know
when to call for help.
what are the 1st degree adverse reaction
sneezing, coughing, yawning, reddening of the
skin, nausea, vomiting, slight fever, chills, itching, urticaria, flushing of the face
what are the 2nd degree adverse reaction
drop in BP, bradycardia, dyspnea, spastic cough
what are the 3rd degree adverse reaction
shock, tachycardia, massive drop in BP,
bronchospasm, w/ wheezing, asthma attack, stridor
abnormal breathing occurring when the larynx and
trachea are obstructed) choking, convulsion , glottis
edema , lung edema
what are the 4th degree adverse reaction
Circulatory and Respiratory arrest
when was the regulation of nurses to inject to PX in the PH was established?
1993
what is the meaning of ANSAP?
Association of Nursing Service
Administration of the Philippines, Inc
when was the PRX adopted the ANSAP IV Nursing standards of practice?
Feb 4, 1994
what is the meaning of PRC?
Philippine Regulation
Commission
what is the law that regulates the IV nursing stadards of practice?
R.A#7164
what are the standard care for IV?
- Assessment
- Diagnosis
- Outcome identification
- Implementation
- Evaluation
what are the types of law are applicable to IV therapy?
criminal law
tort
malpractice
An offense against the public due
to harmful effect on the welfare of society as a
whole; conviction results or fine/ imprisonment.
CRIMINAL LAW
private errors by action or omission;negligence which can result in civil action
by the harmed person.
TORT
negligent conduct of a
professional; failure to act is a reasonably
prudent manner that result in harm to a
person.
malpractice
what are the common errors in IV therapy|?
- wrong dosage, contraindication and time
- failure in communication and documentation
- use of equipment error, using defective equipment, and following another unsafe act or manner
- failure to act or follow standard care
what are the duties and responsibilities of the IV therapist?
- Interpret and carry out the physician’s prescriptions
for IV therapy - Prepare, initiate, and terminate IV therapy based on
physician’s written prescription. - Perform peripheral venipuncture (all types of needles & cannulas) excluding the insertion of subclavian and cut
down catheter. - Determine solution and medication incompatibilities
- Administer computed medication,
chemotherapeutic drugs, and flow rates of solutions,
compatible blood / blood components and parenteral
nutrition as prescribed by the physician. - Assess all adverse reactions related to IV therapy
and initiate appropriate nursing interventions.
7.Establish care plan related to IV therapy - Adhere to established infection control practices.
- Maintain proper care of IV equipment.
- Document relevant data in the
preparation, administration and termination of all forms of IV therapy.
tuloy monalang sa consent (prior to to IV insertion)
