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Midterm > Film screen acquisition > Flashcards

Film screen acquisition Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of film holder or cassete?

A

cassette front
contact felt
hinges
cassette back

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2
Q

is the rigid, light-tight container that holds the screens and film in close contact

A

cassette

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3
Q

what is the recommended opening for the cassette when loading films?

A

2-3 inches

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4
Q

metal frame with low Z and radiolucent front

A

cassette front

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5
Q

what are the composition of cassette front?

A

magnesium
bakelight
carbon fibre

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6
Q

it is a compression layer that maintains the proper film-screen contact

A

contact felt

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7
Q

light tight seals is complete by a snap

A

hinges

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8
Q

it composes led foil

A

cassette back

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9
Q

what are the composition of cassette back?

A

manganese and lead

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10
Q

when is the first use of the IS?

A

1900

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11
Q

the IS acts as ____ that converts xray energy to light

A

transducer

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12
Q

made of polyester base with an active layer containing phosphors that produce visible light when struck by x-rays

A

Intensifying screen

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13
Q

poor contact of IS may results to

A

loss of recorded detail
blurring of the image

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14
Q

poor film screen contact may be calibrated by

A

wire mesh test

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15
Q

the IS allows ____ less radiation exposure

A

15-20x

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16
Q

what are the layers of the IS?

A

Base
Reflective layer
Phosphor layer
Protective coating

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17
Q

what is the thickness of the base of the IS?

A

1mm or 1000 micro meter

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18
Q

what is the thickness of the reflective layer?

A

25 micro meter

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19
Q

what is the thickness of the phosphor layer

A

150 -300 micro meter

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20
Q

what are the crystal size inside the phosphor layer?

A

5-15 micro meter

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21
Q

abillity to give off light

A

luminisence

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22
Q

what are the types of luminisence

A

phosphorescence
fluorescence

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23
Q

the ability of the phosphor to interact with x-ray

A

Detective Quantum Effciency

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24
Q

the ability of the phosphor to convert x-ray into light

A

Conversion efficiency

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25
Q

specific color that the phosphors emit must match with the spectral sensitivity of the film

A

Spectral matching

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26
Q

is insignificant in radiography but is used in fluoroscopy

A

minimum afterglow/ lag

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27
Q

what are the characteristics of good Phosphor

A

high DQE
High CE
Spectral matching
minimum afterglow/ lag

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28
Q

what is the thickness of the protective coating?

A

10-20 micro emter

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29
Q

what is the thickness of the protective coating?

A

10-20 micro meter

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30
Q

what are the phosphor materials?

A

-Calcium tungstate
-Barium lead sulfate or barium flourochloride
-Zinc Sulfide
-Rare earth

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31
Q

5% x-ray to light conversion
used with blue-sensitive films, has globular grains

A

calcium tungstate

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32
Q

used to produce high-speed screens for high kVp techniques

A

barium lead sulfate or barium flourochloride

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33
Q

used in flouroscopic screens

A

zinc sulfide

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34
Q

speed – 1000 to 1200, more efficient in converting x-rays to light. Only compatible to Orthochromatic films

A

Rare earth

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35
Q

speed – 1000 to 1200, more efficient in converting x-rays to light. Only compatible to Orthochromatic films

A

Rare earth

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36
Q

what is the desired KVp range for rare earths?

A

40-75 KVp

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37
Q

what are the selection of radiographic imaging system?

A

spectral sensitivity
spectral emission
spectral matching

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38
Q

capacity of screen to produce visible light

A

screen speed

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39
Q

what are the factors for screen speed of the IS?

A

-type of the phosphor used
-thickness of the phosphor
-crystal size
-reflective layer
-absorbing layer and dye in phosphor

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40
Q

if the screen speed is high, it can result to quantum mottle, therefore, what are the possible techniques to compensate it and create a high quality image?

A

lower the technical factor mainly the mAs

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41
Q

what are the screen speed measurement?

A

Intensification factor
Relative speed value

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42
Q

this is the intensification action of the IS

A

Intensification factor

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43
Q

what is the standard intensification factor?

A

30-50

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44
Q

this is the metric for the speed of IS

A

Relative speed value

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45
Q

please provide the general designating relative screen value

A

25- Ultra detail
50-slow/ high resolution/ detailed
100- standard/ medium/par
200-fast/ high speed
300- ultrafast/hi-plus
1200- rare earth

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46
Q

what are the relative speed value of the calcium tungstate?

A

30-50 (slow/detail)
100 (medium/par)
200 (high speed)

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47
Q

what are the relative speed value of the rare earth

A

100 (slow/detail)
300-500 (medium)
800- 1200 (fast)

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48
Q

incomplete contact across the entire surface to achieve maximum sharpness

A

screen film contact

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49
Q

how to calibrate screen film contactt?

A

wire mesh test with 150 KVp, 100 mA, 50ms, and 36-40 SID

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50
Q

what are the ways to take care of the screen?

A

-avoid abrasions and scratches
- regular visual exam to reveal dirt or speck
- UV light- to identify the stain
- clean regularly basis. use antistatic cleaner, 70% Isopropyl alcohol and 95 % to shorten the drying time
- mild soap and water, cotton for extra cleaning

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51
Q

it is the processing of image from latent image to manifest image

A

image processing/ film processing

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52
Q

what are the 6 steps in processing the film?

A

wetting, developing, rinsing, fixing, washing, and drying

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53
Q

what are the 3 main process to produce an image

A

technical factor, positioning, and processing

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54
Q

what are the 2 types of image processing

A

manual and automatic processing

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55
Q

swells the gelatin of emulsion

A

wetting

56
Q

transforms exposed SHC into BMS

A

Developing

57
Q

it is also called stop bath, that stops the process of developing

A

rinsing

58
Q

what is the recommended temperature of the solutions?

A

70 degree Fahrenheit or 20-21 degree celcius

59
Q

what is oxidation

A

when an atom gives electron

60
Q

what is reduction?

A

when an atom receives an electron

61
Q

how the AgBr transform to BMS?

A

when the developer gives electron to the AgBr the positive ion becomes neutral and becomes BMS or Ag

62
Q

it is a process when to solution or chemical are fused to amplify the action and to increase the concentration

A

superadditivity or synergism

63
Q

small amount of fixer 0.1ml carried over to the developer will render ineffective and will create fog

A

developer contamination

64
Q

how to avoid developer contamination?

A

do not alter the process, always agitate the film in developer before fixer

65
Q

how long should be the film be exposed in a solution?

A

4-8 minutes or 5minutes

66
Q

what temperature should be the solution?

A

20 degree Celsius or 68 degree Fahrenheit

67
Q

what does it called when the concentration of the developer weakens?

A

oxidized

68
Q

an oxidized developer is

A

low concentration
high monosulfates
strong ammonia odor

69
Q

what are the factors that may affect the finished radiograph?

A

-concentration of processing chemicals
-development time
-developer temperature

70
Q

what are the components of a developer?

A

-Phenidone
-hydroquinone
-metol/elon
-PQ
-MQ
-sodium carbonate/hydroxide or potassium carbonate/hydroxide
-potassium bromide/iodide or sodium bromide/iodide
-sodium sulfite or cycon
-glutaraldehyde/dialdehyde
-benzothiozole/ benzothiosulfate
-EDTA, chelates, calgon
-distilled water
-5% bleach
-6 ounce of bleach

71
Q

what are the role of sodium carbonate/hydroxide or potassium carbonate/hydroxide

A

Buffer
Activator
Accelerator
Alkalinizer
wetting agent

72
Q

what are the role of the sodium bromide/iodide or potassium bromide/iodide

A

starter
anti-foggant
restrainer
regulator

73
Q

what are the role of the sodium sulfite or cycon?

A

preservative
anti oxidant
stabilizer

74
Q

this agent of the developer is responsible in temporary hardener

A

glutaraldehyde/dialdehyde

75
Q

this agent of the developer is responsible in restraining active phenidone

A

benzothiozole/benzothiosulfate

76
Q

what is the agent of the developer that cannot be restrained by the sodium bromide/ iodide?

A

phenidone

77
Q

what is the meaning of EDTA

A

ethylene Diamine tetra- acetic acid

78
Q

this is used for sequestering agent abd forms a sludge in the bottom of the tank

A

EDTA, chelates, and calgon

79
Q

dilates and concentrates the chemical for proper strengt

A

distilled water

80
Q

this is a fungicide and anti frothant or anti foaming

A

bleach 5%

81
Q

this is algaecide and is used in the master tank

A

6 ounce of bleach

82
Q

this removes, dissolves and clears aways underdeveloped SHC and also stop the development process to harden the emulsion layer

A

Fixer

83
Q

what are the components of the fixer

A

-acetic acid/ Sulfuric acid/ boric acid
-ammonium thiosulfate/ sodium thiosulfate
-potassium alum/ chrome alum/ aluminum chloride
-sodium/potassium sulfite or cycon
-borate salts
-acetic acid, silver nitrate, and solvent
-distilled water

84
Q

what are the role of the acetic acid/ sulfuric acid/ boric acid

A

acidifier
neutralizer
buffer
activator

85
Q

what are the role of the Ammonium thiosulfate/ sodium thiosulfate?

A

clearing agent
fixing agent

86
Q

what are the role of the potassium alum/ chrome alum/ aluminum chloride

A

hardener
tanning agent
permanenting agent

87
Q

what are the roles of the sodium/ potassium sulfite or cycon

A

preservative
anti oxidant
stabilizer

88
Q

what are the roles of the borate salt

A

sequestering agent
hyponeutralizer

89
Q

what is the role of acetic acid, silver nitrate and solvent

A

hypokit

90
Q

what is role of the distilled water

A

solvent

91
Q

it is a reducing agent and it builds the gray tones, usually it build the toe in the characteristic curve

A

phenidone

92
Q

this controls the shoulder of the characteristic curve and is sensitive in oxygen. This acts slowly

A

hydroquinone

93
Q

this is added to hydroquinone

A

metol/elon

94
Q

what is the combination of Hydroquinone and metol/elon called?

A

MQ

95
Q

what is the combination of hydroquinone and phenidone called?

A

PQ

96
Q

what is the minimum density

A

1.2

97
Q

what is the other term for characteristic curve

A

sensitometric curve

98
Q

is phenidone is used for automatic or manual processor?

A

automatic

99
Q

is hydroquinone used in automatic or manual processor?

A

both manual and automatic

100
Q

is PQ used in automatic or manual processor?

A

automatic

101
Q

is MQ used in automatic or manual processor?

A

Manual

102
Q

is Sodium carbonate/hydroxide used in automatic or manual processor?

A

manual

103
Q

is potassium carbonate/hydroxide used in automatic or manual processor?

A

automatic

104
Q

what is the maintaining PH level of the developer

A

9.6 to 10.6

105
Q

is sodium sulfite or cycon used in automatic or manual processor?

A

both manual and automatic

106
Q

what is it called when the Image in the radiograph is permanent?

A

archival quality

107
Q

is sodium thiosulfate used in automatic or manual processor?

A

manual

108
Q

is ammonium thiosulfate used in automatic or manual processor?

A

automatic

109
Q

it is an agent that serves as a reducing agent, and produces gray tones rapidly

A

Phenidone

110
Q

it is an Component that serves as a reducing agent, and produces gray tones radpily

A

Developing Agent

111
Q

this is an agent that helps to swell the gelatin, produces alkalinity, and controls PH

A

Sodium carbonate/hydroxide

112
Q

this is a Component that helps to swell the gelatin, produces alkalinity, and controls PH

A

Activator

113
Q

this is an agent that protects unexposed crystal from chemical attack and also serves as an anti foggant

A

Potassium bromide/iodide

114
Q

this is a Component that protects unexposed crystal from chemical attack and also serves as an anti foggant

A

Restrainer

115
Q

This agent controls oxidation and maintains balance among developer component

A

Sodium sulfite

116
Q

This Component controls oxidation and maintains balance among developer component

A

Preservative

117
Q

this agent controls emulsion swelling and enhances archival quality

A

glutaraldehyde

118
Q

this component controls emulsion swelling and enhances archival quality

A

hardener

119
Q

this agent removes metallic impurities and stabilizes developing agents

A

chalates

120
Q

this component removes metallic impurities and stabilizes developing agnts

A

sequestering agent

121
Q

the agent that dissolves chemical for use

A

distilled water

122
Q

the component that dissolves chemical for use

A

solvent

123
Q

the agent that neutralizes the developer and stops its action

A

acetic acid

124
Q

the component that neutralizes the developer and stops its action

A

Activator

125
Q

this agent removes undeveloped SHC from emulsion

A

Ammonium thiosulfate

126
Q

this Component removes undeveloped SHC from emulsion

A

Fixing Agent

127
Q

this agent stiffens and shrinks emulsion

A

potassium alum

128
Q

this component stiffens and shrinks emulsion

A

preservative

129
Q

this agent maintains chemical balance

A

Sodium sulfite

130
Q

this component maintains chemical blance

A

preservative

131
Q

this agent maintains proper PH

A

acetate

132
Q

this component maintains proper Ph

A

Buffer

133
Q

this agent removes aluminum ions

A

Boric Acids and salts

134
Q

this component removes aluminum ions

A

sequestering agent

135
Q

this agent dissolves other components

A

Distilled water

136
Q

this component dissolves other components

A

solvent

Midterm (4 decks)

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