Film screen acquisition Flashcards
1
Q
What are the parts of film holder or cassete?
A
cassette front
contact felt
hinges
cassette back
2
Q
is the rigid, light-tight container that holds the screens and film in close contact
A
cassette
3
Q
what is the recommended opening for the cassette when loading films?
A
2-3 inches
4
Q
metal frame with low Z and radiolucent front
A
cassette front
5
Q
what are the composition of cassette front?
A
magnesium
bakelight
carbon fibre
6
Q
it is a compression layer that maintains the proper film-screen contact
A
contact felt
7
Q
light tight seals is complete by a snap
A
hinges
8
Q
it composes led foil
A
cassette back
9
Q
what are the composition of cassette back?
A
manganese and lead
10
Q
when is the first use of the IS?
A
1900
11
Q
the IS acts as ____ that converts xray energy to light
A
transducer
12
Q
made of polyester base with an active layer containing phosphors that produce visible light when struck by x-rays
A
Intensifying screen
13
Q
poor contact of IS may results to
A
loss of recorded detail
blurring of the image
14
Q
poor film screen contact may be calibrated by
A
wire mesh test
15
Q
the IS allows ____ less radiation exposure
A
15-20x
16
Q
what are the layers of the IS?
A
Base
Reflective layer
Phosphor layer
Protective coating
17
Q
what is the thickness of the base of the IS?
A
1mm or 1000 micro meter
18
Q
what is the thickness of the reflective layer?
A
25 micro meter
19
Q
what is the thickness of the phosphor layer
A
150 -300 micro meter
20
Q
what are the crystal size inside the phosphor layer?
A
5-15 micro meter
21
Q
abillity to give off light
A
luminisence
22
Q
what are the types of luminisence
A
phosphorescence
fluorescence
23
Q
the ability of the phosphor to interact with x-ray
A
Detective Quantum Effciency
24
Q
the ability of the phosphor to convert x-ray into light
A
Conversion efficiency
25
specific color that the phosphors emit must match with the spectral sensitivity of the film
Spectral matching
26
is insignificant in radiography but is used in fluoroscopy
minimum afterglow/ lag
27
what are the characteristics of good Phosphor
high DQE
High CE
Spectral matching
minimum afterglow/ lag
28
what is the thickness of the protective coating?
10-20 micro emter
29
what is the thickness of the protective coating?
10-20 micro meter
30
what are the phosphor materials?
-Calcium tungstate
-Barium lead sulfate or barium flourochloride
-Zinc Sulfide
-Rare earth
31
5% x-ray to light conversion
used with blue-sensitive films, has globular grains
calcium tungstate
32
used to produce high-speed screens for high kVp techniques
barium lead sulfate or barium flourochloride
33
used in flouroscopic screens
zinc sulfide
34
speed – 1000 to 1200, more efficient in converting x-rays to light. Only compatible to Orthochromatic films
Rare earth
35
speed – 1000 to 1200, more efficient in converting x-rays to light. Only compatible to Orthochromatic films
Rare earth
36
what is the desired KVp range for rare earths?
40-75 KVp
37
what are the selection of radiographic imaging system?
spectral sensitivity
spectral emission
spectral matching
38
capacity of screen to produce visible light
screen speed
39
what are the factors for screen speed of the IS?
-type of the phosphor used
-thickness of the phosphor
-crystal size
-reflective layer
-absorbing layer and dye in phosphor
40
if the screen speed is high, it can result to quantum mottle, therefore, what are the possible techniques to compensate it and create a high quality image?
lower the technical factor mainly the mAs
41
what are the screen speed measurement?
Intensification factor
Relative speed value
42
this is the intensification action of the IS
Intensification factor
43
what is the standard intensification factor?
30-50
44
this is the metric for the speed of IS
Relative speed value
45
please provide the general designating relative screen value
25- Ultra detail
50-slow/ high resolution/ detailed
100- standard/ medium/par
200-fast/ high speed
300- ultrafast/hi-plus
1200- rare earth
46
what are the relative speed value of the calcium tungstate?
30-50 (slow/detail)
100 (medium/par)
200 (high speed)
47
what are the relative speed value of the rare earth
100 (slow/detail)
300-500 (medium)
800- 1200 (fast)
48
incomplete contact across the entire surface to achieve maximum sharpness
screen film contact
49
how to calibrate screen film contactt?
wire mesh test with 150 KVp, 100 mA, 50ms, and 36-40 SID
50
what are the ways to take care of the screen?
-avoid abrasions and scratches
- regular visual exam to reveal dirt or speck
- UV light- to identify the stain
- clean regularly basis. use antistatic cleaner, 70% Isopropyl alcohol and 95 % to shorten the drying time
- mild soap and water, cotton for extra cleaning
51
it is the processing of image from latent image to manifest image
image processing/ film processing
52
what are the 6 steps in processing the film?
wetting, developing, rinsing, fixing, washing, and drying
53
what are the 3 main process to produce an image
technical factor, positioning, and processing
54
what are the 2 types of image processing
manual and automatic processing
55
swells the gelatin of emulsion
wetting
56
transforms exposed SHC into BMS
Developing
57
it is also called stop bath, that stops the process of developing
rinsing
58
what is the recommended temperature of the solutions?
70 degree Fahrenheit or 20-21 degree celcius
59
what is oxidation
when an atom gives electron
60
what is reduction?
when an atom receives an electron
61
how the AgBr transform to BMS?
when the developer gives electron to the AgBr the positive ion becomes neutral and becomes BMS or Ag
62
it is a process when to solution or chemical are fused to amplify the action and to increase the concentration
superadditivity or synergism
63
small amount of fixer 0.1ml carried over to the developer will render ineffective and will create fog
developer contamination
64
how to avoid developer contamination?
do not alter the process, always agitate the film in developer before fixer
65
how long should be the film be exposed in a solution?
4-8 minutes or 5minutes
66
what temperature should be the solution?
20 degree Celsius or 68 degree Fahrenheit
67
what does it called when the concentration of the developer weakens?
oxidized
68
an oxidized developer is
low concentration
high monosulfates
strong ammonia odor
69
what are the factors that may affect the finished radiograph?
-concentration of processing chemicals
-development time
-developer temperature
70
what are the components of a developer?
-Phenidone
-hydroquinone
-metol/elon
-PQ
-MQ
-sodium carbonate/hydroxide or potassium carbonate/hydroxide
-potassium bromide/iodide or sodium bromide/iodide
-sodium sulfite or cycon
-glutaraldehyde/dialdehyde
-benzothiozole/ benzothiosulfate
-EDTA, chelates, calgon
-distilled water
-5% bleach
-6 ounce of bleach
71
what are the role of sodium carbonate/hydroxide or potassium carbonate/hydroxide
Buffer
Activator
Accelerator
Alkalinizer
wetting agent
72
what are the role of the sodium bromide/iodide or potassium bromide/iodide
starter
anti-foggant
restrainer
regulator
73
what are the role of the sodium sulfite or cycon?
preservative
anti oxidant
stabilizer
74
this agent of the developer is responsible in temporary hardener
glutaraldehyde/dialdehyde
75
this agent of the developer is responsible in restraining active phenidone
benzothiozole/benzothiosulfate
76
what is the agent of the developer that cannot be restrained by the sodium bromide/ iodide?
phenidone
77
what is the meaning of EDTA
ethylene Diamine tetra- acetic acid
78
this is used for sequestering agent abd forms a sludge in the bottom of the tank
EDTA, chelates, and calgon
79
dilates and concentrates the chemical for proper strengt
distilled water
80
this is a fungicide and anti frothant or anti foaming
bleach 5%
81
this is algaecide and is used in the master tank
6 ounce of bleach
82
this removes, dissolves and clears aways underdeveloped SHC and also stop the development process to harden the emulsion layer
Fixer
83
what are the components of the fixer
-acetic acid/ Sulfuric acid/ boric acid
-ammonium thiosulfate/ sodium thiosulfate
-potassium alum/ chrome alum/ aluminum chloride
-sodium/potassium sulfite or cycon
-borate salts
-acetic acid, silver nitrate, and solvent
-distilled water
84
what are the role of the acetic acid/ sulfuric acid/ boric acid
acidifier
neutralizer
buffer
activator
85
what are the role of the Ammonium thiosulfate/ sodium thiosulfate?
clearing agent
fixing agent
86
what are the role of the potassium alum/ chrome alum/ aluminum chloride
hardener
tanning agent
permanenting agent
87
what are the roles of the sodium/ potassium sulfite or cycon
preservative
anti oxidant
stabilizer
88
what are the roles of the borate salt
sequestering agent
hyponeutralizer
89
what is the role of acetic acid, silver nitrate and solvent
hypokit
90
what is role of the distilled water
solvent
91
it is a reducing agent and it builds the gray tones, usually it build the toe in the characteristic curve
phenidone
92
this controls the shoulder of the characteristic curve and is sensitive in oxygen. This acts slowly
hydroquinone
93
this is added to hydroquinone
metol/elon
94
what is the combination of Hydroquinone and metol/elon called?
MQ
95
what is the combination of hydroquinone and phenidone called?
PQ
96
what is the minimum density
1.2
97
what is the other term for characteristic curve
sensitometric curve
98
is phenidone is used for automatic or manual processor?
automatic
99
is hydroquinone used in automatic or manual processor?
both manual and automatic
100
is PQ used in automatic or manual processor?
automatic
101
is MQ used in automatic or manual processor?
Manual
102
is Sodium carbonate/hydroxide used in automatic or manual processor?
manual
103
is potassium carbonate/hydroxide used in automatic or manual processor?
automatic
104
what is the maintaining PH level of the developer
9.6 to 10.6
105
is sodium sulfite or cycon used in automatic or manual processor?
both manual and automatic
106
what is it called when the Image in the radiograph is permanent?
archival quality
107
is sodium thiosulfate used in automatic or manual processor?
manual
108
is ammonium thiosulfate used in automatic or manual processor?
automatic
109
it is an agent that serves as a reducing agent, and produces gray tones rapidly
Phenidone
110
it is an Component that serves as a reducing agent, and produces gray tones radpily
Developing Agent
111
this is an agent that helps to swell the gelatin, produces alkalinity, and controls PH
Sodium carbonate/hydroxide
112
this is a Component that helps to swell the gelatin, produces alkalinity, and controls PH
Activator
113
this is an agent that protects unexposed crystal from chemical attack and also serves as an anti foggant
Potassium bromide/iodide
114
this is a Component that protects unexposed crystal from chemical attack and also serves as an anti foggant
Restrainer
115
This agent controls oxidation and maintains balance among developer component
Sodium sulfite
116
This Component controls oxidation and maintains balance among developer component
Preservative
117
this agent controls emulsion swelling and enhances archival quality
glutaraldehyde
118
this component controls emulsion swelling and enhances archival quality
hardener
119
this agent removes metallic impurities and stabilizes developing agents
chalates
120
this component removes metallic impurities and stabilizes developing agnts
sequestering agent
121
the agent that dissolves chemical for use
distilled water
122
the component that dissolves chemical for use
solvent
123
the agent that neutralizes the developer and stops its action
acetic acid
124
the component that neutralizes the developer and stops its action
Activator
125
this agent removes undeveloped SHC from emulsion
Ammonium thiosulfate
126
this Component removes undeveloped SHC from emulsion
Fixing Agent
127
this agent stiffens and shrinks emulsion
potassium alum
128
this component stiffens and shrinks emulsion
preservative
129
this agent maintains chemical balance
Sodium sulfite
130
this component maintains chemical blance
preservative
131
this agent maintains proper PH
acetate
132
this component maintains proper Ph
Buffer
133
this agent removes aluminum ions
Boric Acids and salts
134
this component removes aluminum ions
sequestering agent
135
this agent dissolves other components
Distilled water
136
this component dissolves other components
solvent
