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Ophthamology > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Topical Pharmaceuticals: Required to penetrate what?

A

Corneal

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2
Q

Topical Pharmaceuticals: Properties of Chloramphenicol that are useful

A

Lipophilic and hydrophilic properties so it penetrates the cornea easily

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3
Q

Topical Pharmaceuticals: Corneal Penetration - Good for … … … drugs

A

Low Molecular Weight

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4
Q

Topical Pharmaceuticals: Corneal Penetration - Epithelium of the eye is lipo… and hydro…

A

Lipophilic
Hydrophobic

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5
Q

Topical Pharmaceuticals: Corneal Penetration - What types of drugs penetrate the epithelium?

A

Lipid-soluble

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6
Q

Topical Pharmaceuticals: Corneal Penetration - What types of drugs are limited by the epithelium?

A

Hydrophillic

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7
Q

Topical Pharmaceuticals: Corneal Penetration - Stroma is lipo…

A

Lipophobic

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8
Q

Topical Pharmaceuticals: Corneal Penetration - What types of drugs penetrate the stroma?

A

Water-soluble

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9
Q

Topical Pharmaceuticals: Corneal Penetration - What types of drugs are limited by the stroma?

A

Hydrophobic drugs

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10
Q

Topical Pharmaceuticals: Corneal Penetration - Can be enhanced by what?

A

Benzalkonium

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11
Q

Topical Pharmaceuticals: Corneal Penetration - Why does Benzalkonium increase corneal penetration?

A

Disrupts the lipid layer of the tear film to aid penetration of drugs

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12
Q

What can reduce the hydrophobic nature of the endothelium?

A

Ocular surface inflammation

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13
Q

What layer of the tear film may impede drug penetration?

A

Lipid layer

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14
Q

Topical Steroids: Requires what property?

A

Hydrophobic and hydrophilic

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15
Q

Topical Steroids: What makes steroids more hydrophobic?

A

Alcohol or acetate

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16
Q

Topical Steroids: What makes steroids more hydrophilic?

A

Phosphate

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17
Q

Topical Steroids: Use of Prednisolone Acetate

A

Hydrophobic with good penetration in an uninflamed cornea used post-operatively

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18
Q

Topical Steroids: Uses of Prednisolone Phosphate

A

Hydrophilic with good penetration of the uninflamed cornea for cornea disease or low dose situations

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19
Q

Systemic Absorption: Tears are pumped out of the lacrimal sac rapidly and excess gains systemic absorption where?

A

At the nasopharynx

20
Q

Systemic Absorption: Limited by what?

A

Punctal Occlusion

21
Q

Intravitreal Pharmacology: Advantages

A

Delivers effective concentrations of the drug at the target site

22
Q

Intravitreal Pharmacology: Many of these drugs have what disadvantage?

A

Toxic to the retina

23
Q

Intravitreal Pharmacology: Used as the method of antibiotic administration in what disease?

A

Endophthalmitis

24
Q

Intravitreal Pharmacology: Examples (2)

A

Intraocular Steroids
Anti-VEGF pharmaceuticals

25
Q

Anti-inflammatory Agents: Examples (4)

A

Steroids
Topical NSAIDs
Anti-histamines
Mast Cell Stabilisers

26
Q

Anti-inflammatory Agents: Topical NSAIDs used for what in ophthamology?

A

Pain relief for post-operative refractive laser treatment

27
Q

Anti-inflammatory Agents: Anti-histamines used for what in ophthamology?

A

Hayfever or Allergic conjunctivitis

28
Q

Anti-inflammatory Agents: Mast Cell Stabilisers are used for what in ophthamology?

A

Hayfever or Allergic conjunctivitis

29
Q

Anti-inflammatory Agents: Steroids - Mechanism of Action

A

Suppresses inflammation

30
Q

Anti-inflammatory Agents: Steroids - Application (3)

A

Post-operative cataracts
Uveitis
Prevention of corneal graft rejection

31
Q

Anti-inflammatory Agents: Steroids - Local side effects (3)

A

Cataracts
Glaucoma
Exacerbation of viral infection

32
Q

Anti-inflammatory Agents: Steroids - Never give steroids to what patients?

A

Herpetic Keratitis patients - causes thinning of the cornea

33
Q

Anti-inflammatory Agents: Steroids - Systemic Side Effects (5)

A

Gastric ulceration
Immunosuppression
Osteoporosis
Weight gain
Diabetes

34
Q

Anti-inflammatory Agents: Steroids - Examples (4)

A

Fluromethalone
Prednisolone Phosphate
Betamethasone
Dexamethasone

35
Q

Local Anaesthetic: Mechanism of action

A

Blocks sodium channels to impede nerve conduction

36
Q

Local Anaesthetic: Applications (4)

A

Foreign body removal
Tonometry
Corneal scraping
Cataract surgery

37
Q

Diagnostic Dyes: Most common example

A

Fluorescein

38
Q

Diagnostic Dyes: Applications (5)

A

Shows corneal abrasion
Dendritic ulcers - in herpetic eye disease
Tonometry
Diagnosing Nasolacrimal duct obstruction
Angiography

39
Q

Mydriatics: Examples (2)

A

Tropicamide
Cyclopentolate

40
Q

Mydriatics: Mechanism of action

A

Causes pupil dilation by blocking the parasympathetic supply to the iris to cause cyclopegia to stop the lens from focusing via preventing ciliary body function

41
Q

Mydriatics: Side effects (2)

A

Blurring
Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma

42
Q

Sympathomimetics: Mechanism of Action

A

Acts on the sympathetic nervous system to cause the pupils to dilate

43
Q

Sympathomimetics: Examples that cause cycloplegia

A

Atropine

44
Q

Sympathomimetics: Examples that do not cause cycloplegia

A

Phenylephrine

45
Q

What drug is used in Glaucoma to reduce intraocular pressure?

A

Bimatoprost

Ophthamology (4 decks)

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