Pharmacology

Question 1

Topical Pharmaceuticals: Required to penetrate what?

Answer 1

Corneal

Question 2

Topical Pharmaceuticals: Properties of Chloramphenicol that are useful

Answer 2

Lipophilic and hydrophilic properties so it penetrates the cornea easily

Question 3

Topical Pharmaceuticals: Corneal Penetration - Good for … … … drugs

Answer 3

Low Molecular Weight

Question 4

Topical Pharmaceuticals: Corneal Penetration - Epithelium of the eye is lipo… and hydro…

Answer 4

Lipophilic
Hydrophobic

Question 5

Topical Pharmaceuticals: Corneal Penetration - What types of drugs penetrate the epithelium?

Answer 5

Lipid-soluble

Question 6

Topical Pharmaceuticals: Corneal Penetration - What types of drugs are limited by the epithelium?

Answer 6

Hydrophillic

Question 7

Topical Pharmaceuticals: Corneal Penetration - Stroma is lipo…

Answer 7

Lipophobic

Question 8

Topical Pharmaceuticals: Corneal Penetration - What types of drugs penetrate the stroma?

Answer 8

Water-soluble

Question 9

Topical Pharmaceuticals: Corneal Penetration - What types of drugs are limited by the stroma?

Answer 9

Hydrophobic drugs

Question 10

Topical Pharmaceuticals: Corneal Penetration - Can be enhanced by what?

Answer 10

Benzalkonium

Question 11

Topical Pharmaceuticals: Corneal Penetration - Why does Benzalkonium increase corneal penetration?

Answer 11

Disrupts the lipid layer of the tear film to aid penetration of drugs

Question 12

What can reduce the hydrophobic nature of the endothelium?

Answer 12

Ocular surface inflammation

Question 13

What layer of the tear film may impede drug penetration?

Answer 13

Lipid layer

Question 14

Topical Steroids: Requires what property?

Answer 14

Hydrophobic and hydrophilic

Question 15

Topical Steroids: What makes steroids more hydrophobic?

Answer 15

Alcohol or acetate

Question 16

Topical Steroids: What makes steroids more hydrophilic?

Answer 16

Phosphate

Question 17

Topical Steroids: Use of Prednisolone Acetate

Answer 17

Hydrophobic with good penetration in an uninflamed cornea used post-operatively

Question 18

Topical Steroids: Uses of Prednisolone Phosphate

Answer 18

Hydrophilic with good penetration of the uninflamed cornea for cornea disease or low dose situations

Question 19

Systemic Absorption: Tears are pumped out of the lacrimal sac rapidly and excess gains systemic absorption where?

Answer 19

At the nasopharynx

Question 20

Systemic Absorption: Limited by what?

Answer 20

Punctal Occlusion

Question 21

Intravitreal Pharmacology: Advantages

Answer 21

Delivers effective concentrations of the drug at the target site

Question 22

Intravitreal Pharmacology: Many of these drugs have what disadvantage?

Answer 22

Toxic to the retina

Question 23

Intravitreal Pharmacology: Used as the method of antibiotic administration in what disease?

Answer 23

Endophthalmitis

Question 24

Intravitreal Pharmacology: Examples (2)

Answer 24

Intraocular Steroids
Anti-VEGF pharmaceuticals

Question 25

Anti-inflammatory Agents: Examples (4)

Answer 25

Steroids Topical NSAIDs Anti-histamines Mast Cell Stabilisers

Question 26

Anti-inflammatory Agents: Topical NSAIDs used for what in ophthamology?

Answer 26

Pain relief for post-operative refractive laser treatment

Question 27

Anti-inflammatory Agents: Anti-histamines used for what in ophthamology?

Answer 27

Hayfever or Allergic conjunctivitis

Question 28

Anti-inflammatory Agents: Mast Cell Stabilisers are used for what in ophthamology?

Answer 28

Hayfever or Allergic conjunctivitis

Question 29

Anti-inflammatory Agents: Steroids - Mechanism of Action

Answer 29

Suppresses inflammation

Question 30

Anti-inflammatory Agents: Steroids - Application (3)

Answer 30

Post-operative cataracts Uveitis Prevention of corneal graft rejection

Question 31

Anti-inflammatory Agents: Steroids - Local side effects (3)

Answer 31

Cataracts Glaucoma Exacerbation of viral infection

Question 32

Anti-inflammatory Agents: Steroids - Never give steroids to what patients?

Answer 32

Herpetic Keratitis patients - causes thinning of the cornea

Question 33

Anti-inflammatory Agents: Steroids - Systemic Side Effects (5)

Answer 33

Gastric ulceration Immunosuppression Osteoporosis Weight gain Diabetes

Question 34

Anti-inflammatory Agents: Steroids - Examples (4)

Answer 34

Fluromethalone Prednisolone Phosphate Betamethasone Dexamethasone

Question 35

Local Anaesthetic: Mechanism of action

Answer 35

Blocks sodium channels to impede nerve conduction

Question 36

Local Anaesthetic: Applications (4)

Answer 36

Foreign body removal Tonometry Corneal scraping Cataract surgery

Question 37

Diagnostic Dyes: Most common example

Answer 37

Fluorescein

Question 38

Diagnostic Dyes: Applications (5)

Answer 38

Shows corneal abrasion Dendritic ulcers - in herpetic eye disease Tonometry Diagnosing Nasolacrimal duct obstruction Angiography

Question 39

Mydriatics: Examples (2)

Answer 39

Tropicamide Cyclopentolate

Question 40

Mydriatics: Mechanism of action

Answer 40

Causes pupil dilation by blocking the parasympathetic supply to the iris to cause cyclopegia to stop the lens from focusing via preventing ciliary body function

Question 41

Mydriatics: Side effects (2)

Answer 41

Blurring Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma

Question 42

Sympathomimetics: Mechanism of Action

Answer 42

Acts on the sympathetic nervous system to cause the pupils to dilate

Question 43

Sympathomimetics: Examples that cause cycloplegia

Answer 43

Atropine

Question 44

Sympathomimetics: Examples that do not cause cycloplegia

Answer 44

Phenylephrine

Question 45

What drug is used in Glaucoma to reduce intraocular pressure?

Answer 45

Bimatoprost