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Ophthamology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

The Orbit: The boundaries of the orbit are formed by how many bones?

A

7

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2
Q

The Orbit: Roof of the Orbit is formed by what? (2)

A

Frontal Bone
Sphenoid Bone

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3
Q

The Orbit: Floor of the Orbit is formed by what? (3)

A

Maxilla
Palatine Bone
Zygomatic Bone

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4
Q

The Orbit: Medial wall is formed by what? (4)

A

Ethmoid bone
Maxilla bone
Lacrimal bone
Sphenoid bone

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5
Q

The Orbit: Lateral wall is formed by what? (2)

A

Zygomatic bone
Sphenoid bone

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6
Q

The Orbit: Shape of the orbit

A

Pyramidal shape

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7
Q

The Orbit: Apex points in what direction?

A

Posteriorly

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8
Q

The Orbit: Blow out fractures impact what walls?

A

Medial and orbital wall

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9
Q

The Eyelid: Orbicularis Oculi - Deep to what?

A

Skin and connective tissue

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10
Q

The Eyelid: Orbicularis Oculi - Three distinct parts (3)

A

Palpebral part
Lacrimal part
Orbital part

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11
Q

The Eyelid: Orbicularis Oculi - Palpebral part function

A

Gently closes the eyelids

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12
Q

The Eyelid: Orbicularis Oculi - Lacrimal part function

A

Involved in the drainage of tears

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13
Q

The Eyelid: Orbicularis Oculi - Orbital part function

A

Tightly closes the eyelids

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14
Q

The Eyelid: Orbicularis Oculi - Innervated by what?

A

CN VII - Facial Nerve

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15
Q

The Eyelid: Tarsal Plates - Located where?

A

Deep to the palpebral region of the orbicularis oculi muscle

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16
Q

The Eyelid: Tarsal Plates - Two plate names

A

Superior tarsus and Inferior tarsus

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17
Q

The Eyelid: Tarsal Plates - They act to form what?

A

Scaffolding of the eyelid

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18
Q

The Eyelid: Tarsal Plates - Composed of what?

A

Dense connective tissue

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19
Q

The Eyelid: Tarsal Plates - Superior tarsus acts as an attachment site of what?

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

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20
Q

The Eyelid: Tarsal Plates - What glands are located in the tarsal plates?

A

Meibomian Glands

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21
Q

The Eyelid: Tarsal Plates - Meibomian Glands function

A

Secrete oily lipid substance that slows the evaporation of the eyes tear film and prevents the eyelids from sticking together when closed

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22
Q

The Eyelid: Tarsal Plates - Orbital septum extends from where?

A

Either tarsus to the orbital margin

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23
Q

The Eyelid: Tarsal Plates - Function of the orbital septum

A

Prevents the spread of infection between the superficial and deep parts of the orbit

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24
Q

The Eyelid: Which muscle elevates the upper eyelid?

A

Levator palpebrae superioris muscle

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25
Q

Lacrimal Apparatus: Lacrimal gland produces what?

A

Lacrimal fluid

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26
Q

Lacrimal Apparatus: Innervation

A

CN VII - parasympathetic innervation

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27
Q

Lacrimal Apparatus: Fluid is pushed towards what?

A

Medial angle

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28
Q

Lacrimal Apparatus: Position of Lacrimal Gland

A

Superolaterally

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29
Q

Lacrimal Apparatus: Once the fluid gets to the medial angle where does it drain to?

A

Lacrimal puncta

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30
Q

Lacrimal Apparatus: Eventually the fluid reaches what structure?

A

Inferior meatus

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31
Q

Extraocular Muscles: How many are there?

A

7

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32
Q

Extraocular Muscles: Which groups are responsible for eye movement?

A

Recti and oblique muscles

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33
Q

Extraocular Muscles: Which group is responsible for superior eyelid movement?

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

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34
Q

Extraocular Muscles: What are the 7 muscles?

A

Levator palpebrae superioris
Superior oblique
Inferior oblique
Superior rectus
Medial rectus
Lateral rectus
Inferior rectus

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35
Q

Extraocular Muscles: Recti Muscles - Direction

A

Straight - from origin to attachment

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36
Q

Extraocular Muscles: Recti Muscles - 4 muscles

A

Superior rectus
Medial rectus
Lateral rectus
Inferior rectus

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37
Q

Extraocular Muscles: Recti Muscles - Origin

A

Common tendinous ring for all the recti muscles

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38
Q

Extraocular Muscles: Recti Muscles - Insertion point

A

Sclera

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39
Q

Extraocular Muscles: Oblique Muscles - Muscles (2)

A

Inferior oblique
Superior oblique

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40
Q

Extraocular Muscles: Oblique Muscles - Origin of Superior oblique muscle

A

Sphenoid bone

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41
Q

Extraocular Muscles: Oblique Muscles - Origin of the Inferior Oblique muscle

A

Orbital plate of the maxilla

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42
Q

Extraocular Muscles: Oblique Muscles - Insertion

A

Sclera

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43
Q

Extraocular Muscles: Oblique Muscles - The tendon of the superior oblique passes through what before inserting onto the sclera?

A

Trochlea

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44
Q

Extraocular Muscles: Levator Palpebrae Superioris Muscle - Origin

A

Lesser wing of the sphenoid

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45
Q

Extraocular Muscles: Levator Palpebrae Superioris Muscle - Insertion

A

Skin and tarsus of the superior eyelid

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46
Q

Extraocular Muscles: Levator Palpebrae Superioris Muscle - Superior Tarsal Muscle contains a collection of what? And what is its name?

A

Smooth muscle fibres - Mueller’s Muscle

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47
Q

Extraocular Muscles: Levator Palpebrae Superioris Muscle - Muellers Muscle is innervated by what?

A

Sympathetic fibres from the superior cervical ganglion

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48
Q

Extraocular Muscles: Levator Palpebrae Superioris Muscle - Innervation

A

CN III

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49
Q

Horners Syndrome: Involves what muscle?

A

Muellers Muscle

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50
Q

Horners Syndrome: Pathophysiology of ptosis

A

Compromised sympathetic innervation to the Muellers Muscle

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51
Q

Extraocular Muscles: Innervation of Lateral Rectus Muscle

A

CN VI - Abducens

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52
Q

Extraocular Muscles: Innervation of Superior Oblique Muscle

A

CN IV - Trochlear Nerve

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53
Q

Extraocular Muscles: What is the innervation of all of the muscles apart from LR and SO?

A

CN III

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54
Q

Eyeball Movement: Vertical axis controls what? (3)

A

Abduction
Adduction
Direction of gaze

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55
Q

Eyeball Movement: Transverse axis controls what? (3)

A

Elevation
Depression
Direction of gaze

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56
Q

Eyeball Movement: Anteroposterior Axis controls what? (3)

A

Intorsion - medial rotation
Extorsion - lateral rotation
Superior pole of the eyeball

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57
Q

Eyeball Movement: Which muscles do not have secondary movements? (2)

A

Medial rectus
Lateral rectus

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58
Q

Eyeball Movement: Primary position

A

Where the gaze is directed forward

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59
Q

Eyeball Movement: Testing Extraocular Muscles - Superior Rectus movement

A

Look lateral and upward

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60
Q

Eyeball Movement: Testing Extraocular Muscles - Inferior Rectus movement

A

Look lateral and downward

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61
Q

Eyeball Movement: Testing Extraocular Muscles - Lateral Rectus Movement

A

Look laterally

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62
Q

Eyeball Movement: Testing Extraocular Muscles - Medial Rectus Movement

A

Look medially

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63
Q

Eyeball Movement: Testing Extraocular Muscles - Inferior Oblique Movement

A

Look medially and upward

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64
Q

Eyeball Movement: Testing Extraocular Muscles - Superior Oblique Movement

A

Look medially and downward

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65
Q

Eyeball Movement: Lateral Rectus - Function

A

Abducts the eyeball

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66
Q

Eyeball Movement: Lateral Rectus - Innervation

A

CN VI - Abducens

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67
Q

Eyeball Movement: Lateral Rectus - Brings line of gaze into what?

A

Same plane as the superior rectus and inferior rectus

68
Q

Eyeball Movement: Superior Rectus - Function

A

Can only elevate when in abduction

69
Q

Eyeball Movement: Superior Rectus - Innervation

A

CN III - Oculomotor

70
Q

Eyeball Movement: Inferior Rectus - Function

A

Can only depress when in abduction

71
Q

Eyeball Movement: Inferior Rectus - Innervation

A

CN III - Oculomotor

72
Q

Eyeball Movement: Medial Rectus - Function

A

Adducts the eyeball

73
Q

Eyeball Movement: Medial Rectus - Innervation

A

CN III - Oculomotor

74
Q

Eyeball Movement: Medial Rectus - Brings line of gaze into what?

A

Same plane as Superior Oblique and Inferior Oblique attachments

75
Q

Eyeball Movement: Inferior Oblique - Function

A

Can only elevate the eyeball when in adduction

76
Q

Eyeball Movement: Inferior Oblique - Innervation

A

CN III - Oculomotor

77
Q

Eyeball Movement: Superior Oblique - Function

A

Can only depress the eye when in adduction

78
Q

Eyeball Movement: Superior Oblique - Innervation

A

CN IV - Trochlear

79
Q

Eyeball Movement: Mechanics behind the pure elevation of the eyeball

A

Involves the superior rectus and inferior oblique synergystically elevates the eyes by working antagonistically as rotators

80
Q

Eyeball Movement: Mechanics behind the pure depression of the eyeball

A

Involves the superior oblique and inferior rectus synergystically depressing the eyes by working antagonistically adducting or abducting

81
Q

Sympathetic Innervation: Origin

A

Autonomic centres of the brain

82
Q

Sympathetic Innervation: Exits spinal cord where?

A

T1-L2

83
Q

Sympathetic Innervation: Pass into all spinal nerves via what?

A

Anterior and Posterior rami

84
Q

Sympathetic Innervation: Pass into … nerves to supply organs

A

Splanchnic

85
Q

Sympathetic Innervation to the Head and Neck: Presynaptic sympathetic axons from the CNS exit the spinal cord where?

A

T1 spinal nerve

86
Q

Sympathetic Innervation to the Head and Neck: Pre-synaptic sympathetic axons ascend within what to synapse with what?

A

The sympathetic chain to synapse with the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion

87
Q

Sympathetic Innervation to the Head and Neck: Post-synaptic sympathetic axons enter what nerves?

A

Internal and external carotid nerves

88
Q

Sympathetic Innervation to the Head and Neck: Internal and External Carotid Nerves are carried to the organs of the head on the surface of what?

A

Branches of the internal and external carotid arteries

89
Q

Sympathetic Innervation to the Head and Neck: What carries sympathetic axons into the orbit?

A

Opthalmic artery from the internal carotid

90
Q

Parasympathetic Innervation: All parasympathetic axons leave the CNS via what nerves?

A

III
VII
IX
X

91
Q

Parasympathetic Innervation: Ganglia in the head go to what regions? (3)

A

Eye
Lacrimal Gland
Salivary Gland

92
Q

Parasympathetic Innervation: Ciliary Ganglion - Parasympathetic ganglion located where?

A

Bony orbit

93
Q

Parasympathetic Innervation: Ciliary Ganglion - Parasympathetic innervation supplied by what?

A

Fibres of the oculomotor nerve

94
Q

Oculomotor Nerve: Connects with the CNS where?

A

At the junction of the midbrain and pons

95
Q

Oculomotor Nerve: Passes through what sinus?

A

Cavernous sinus

96
Q

Oculomotor Nerve: Exits where?

A

Superior Orbital Fissure

97
Q

Oculomotor Nerve: Supplies somatic motor to what?

A

Majority of the extraocular muscles

98
Q

Oculomotor Nerve: Supplies presynaptic ganglion axons to what?

A

Ciliary ganglion

99
Q

Eye Surface: The … does not cover the cornea of the eye

A

Conjunctiva

100
Q

Eye Surface: Conjunctiva - What forms the deepest part of the eyelid?

A

The palpebral conjunctiva

101
Q

Eye Surface: Conjunctiva definition

A

Thin mucous membrane that is reflected onto the sclera of the eyeball

102
Q

Medical word for the eyeball

A

Bulbar conjunctiva

103
Q

Eye Surface: Two layers

A

Conjunctiva
Fibrous layer

104
Q

Eye Surface: Fibrous Layer Description

A

Outermost layer that consists of the sclera and cornea

105
Q

Eye Surface: Fibrous Layer - Sclera provides attachment for what?

A

Extraocular muscles

106
Q

Eye Surface: Fibrous Layer - Where is light refracted?

A

Cornea

107
Q

Eye Surface: Fibrous Layer - 2 parts

A

Sclera
Cornea

108
Q

Eye Surface: Fibrous Layer - Function of the sclera

A

Muscle attachment

109
Q

Eye Surface: Uvea description

A

Vascular Middle Layer

110
Q

Eye Surface: Uvea - 3 parts

A

Iris
Ciliary Body
Choroid

111
Q

Eye Surface: Uvea - Iris description

A

Pigmented membrane with a central opening that adjusts in size in response to light

112
Q

Eye Surface: Uvea - What is the central opening in the middle of the iris?

A

Pupil

113
Q

Eye Surface: Uvea - Iris function

A

Regulates the amount of light that reaches the retina

114
Q

Eye Surface: Uvea - Ciliary body functions (3)

A

Adapts the shape of the lens
Anchors the lens
Produces aqueous humor

115
Q

Eye Surface: Uvea - Two parts to the Ciliary body

A

Ciliary muscle
Ciliary processes

116
Q

Eye Surface: Uvea - Ciliary muscle consists of what?

A

Collection of smooth muscles that are attached to the lens of the eye by the ciliary processes

117
Q

Eye Surface: Uvea - Choroid Description

A

Layer of connective tissue and blood vessels that provide nutrition and gas exchange to the outer layers of the retina

118
Q

Eye Surface: Retina - Fundus description

A

The interior surface of the eye that is opposite the lens where light is focused

119
Q

Eye Surface: Retina - The Fundus includes what structures? (5)

A

Retina
Optic disc
Macula
Fovea
Posterior pole

120
Q

Eye Surface: Retina - Function

A

Light detecting component of the eye

121
Q

Eye Surface: Retina - How many layers of cells?

A

10

122
Q

Eye Surface: Retina - What are the 4 main layers?

A

Retinal Pigement Epithelium
Photoreceptors - Rods and Cones
Bipolar neurones
Ganglion neurones

123
Q

Eye Surface: Retina - Retinal pigment epithelium function

A

Separates the choroid from the retina proper

124
Q

Eye Surface: Retina - Optic Disk formed from what?

A

Axons of ganglion

125
Q

Eye Surface: Retina - Optic Disc axons of ganglion cells form what?

A

Optic Nerve

126
Q

Eye Surface: Retina - Optic Disc is the only point of what?

A

Entry or exit of blood vessels and axons of CN II

127
Q

Eye Surface: Retina - What is not detected at the optic disc?

A

Light

128
Q

Eye Surface: Retina - Macula definition

A

Centre of the retina

129
Q

Eye Surface: Retina - Macula has a high density of what?

A

Cones

130
Q

Eye Surface: Retina - Fovea description

A

Depression of 1.5mm diameter at the centre of the macula

131
Q

Eye Surface: Retina - Fovea function

A

High acuity vision

132
Q

Eye Surface: Retina - Where are the retinal veins and retinal arteries?

A

Anterior to the retina

133
Q

Posterior Segment: Location

A

Behind the lens

134
Q

Posterior Segment: Proportion of the eye

A

2/3

135
Q

Posterior Segment: Contains the what?

A

Vitreous body

136
Q

Posterior Segment: Vitreous humor description

A

Water-like substance

137
Q

Posterior Segment: Common location for what?

A

Floaters - collections of proteins in the humor

138
Q

Anterior Segment: Location

A

In front of the lens

139
Q

Anterior Segment: What are the two chambers?

A

Anterior and Posterior Chamber

140
Q

Circulation of Aqueous Humor: Ciliary Body produces what?

A

Aqueous Humor

141
Q

Circulation of Aqueous Humor: Following circulation the humor circulates where?

A

Within the posterior chamber to nourish the lens

142
Q

Circulation of Aqueous Humor: Humor passes to where following the posterior chamber?

A

Through the pupil into the anterior chamber to nourish the cornea on posterior aspect

143
Q

Circulation of Aqueous Humor: Anterior aspect of the eye is nourished by what?

A

Tears

144
Q

Circulation of Aqueous Humor: Humor is reabsorbed by what and where?

A

Scleral Venous Sinus at the Iridocorneal Angle

145
Q

Circulation of Aqueous Humor: Alternate name for Scleral Venous Sinus

A

Canal of Schlemm

146
Q

Cataract

A

Clouding of the lens

147
Q

Arterial Supply: Eyeball receives arterial blood supply primarily from what?

A

Ophthalmic artery

148
Q

Arterial Supply: Ophthalmic artery is a branch of what?

A

Internal carotid artery

149
Q

Arterial Supply: Infraorbital artery supplies structures where?

A

Floor of the orbit

150
Q

Arterial Supply: Infraorbital artery is a branch of what?

A

External carotid artery

151
Q

Arterial Supply: Central artery supplies what?

A

Internal surface of the retina

152
Q

Arterial Supply: What is the disadvantage of the central artery?

A

End artery - occlusion causes blindness

153
Q

Arterial Supply: What supplies the choroid?

A

Three ciliary arteries

154
Q

Arterial Supply: Central artery of the retina pierces what structure?

A

Optic nerve

155
Q

Venous Drainage: Carried out by what veins?

A

Superior and Inferior Ophthalmic Veins

156
Q

Venous Drainage: Veins drain into what?

A

Cavernous sinus

157
Q

Venous Drainage: Veins drain into the cavernous sinus via what?

A

Superior orbital fissure

158
Q

Venous Drainage: Orbit drains anteriorly into what?

A

Facial vein

159
Q

Danger Triangle: Why is this clinically significant?

A

Retrograde infection from the nasal area to the brain due to venous communication via the ophthalmic veins between the facial vein and cavernous sinus

160
Q

Visual Pathway: Light from the left visual field strikes what?

A

Nasal retina of the left eye and Temporal retina of the right eye

161
Q

Visual Pathway: Light from the right visual field strikes what?

A

Nasal retina of the right eye and Temporal retina of the left eye

162
Q

Visual Pathway: What crosses at the optic chiasma?

A

Nasal retina

163
Q

Visual Pathway: Where is light processed?

A

On the opposite side visual cortex to the visual field

164
Q

Complete interruption of the retinal branch artery or retinal vein has what impact?

A

Loss of area of the visual field due to ischaemia

165
Q

Complete interruption of flow to the central artery or vein has what impact?

A

Monocular blindness

Ophthamology (4 decks)

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