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Nut 2 Sem 1 > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a medicine?

A

Any substance or combination of substances presented as having properties for treating
or preventing disease in human beings

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2
Q

What are the two regulatory restrictions for drugs?

A

Intended mode of action
How they are supplied

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3
Q

What are OTC - PO drugs?

A

Over the counter and sold / supplied under pharmacist supervison.

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4
Q

What are OTC GSL drugs?

A

Over the counter, general sales and grocery stores

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5
Q

What are Analgesics?

A

Codeine, paracetamol, aspirin, ibuprofen.

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6
Q

What are Laxatives?

A

Bisacodyl, Senna

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7
Q

What are PPIs?

A

Omeprazole

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8
Q

What are cough mixtures?

A

Diphenydramine

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9
Q

What are Anti-Histamines?

A

Cetririzine

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10
Q

What are Decongestants?

A

Pseudoephedrine

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11
Q

What’s the difference between an active and inactive ingredient?

A

Active delivers the mode of action and is responsible for side effects (ibuprofen to reduce inflammation)
Inactive alter the physical properties of the drug (filler, colouring, gluten)

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12
Q

What do we mean by ‘drug class’

A

Penicillin is an antibiotic

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13
Q

What do we mean by ‘Indication’

A

What the drug is intended for

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14
Q

What do we mean by contraindication?

A

When the drug must not be used

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15
Q

What do we mean by side effects?

A

Ibu can produce gastric ulcers

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16
Q

What do we mean by interactions?

A

A drug’s activity is affected by another substance causing a new effect.

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17
Q

What do drugs not do?

A

They do not target the underlying cause.

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18
Q

Describe Willow Bark and its connection to aspirin.

A

It contains salicin, which does not convert to salicylic acid until it reaches the bloodstream and body tissues.
It reduces fever, inflammation and pain without SEs
Aspirin was synthetically developed from salicylic acid and can cause gastric problems.

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19
Q

What do we call movement of drugs within the body?

A

Pharmacokinetics

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20
Q

What do we call how drugs interact with the body to exert their effect?

A

Pharmacodynamics

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21
Q

What is ADME?

A

Linked to pharmacokinetics
A: How is the drug ABSORBED
D: How is the drug distributed
M: How is the drug METABOLISED
E: How is the drug EXCRETED

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22
Q

What is the process where drugs taken orally are absorbed from the gIT and taken via the Portal Vein into the liver to be metabolised, reducing the effect of the drug by the time it enters the systemic circulation.

A

First pass metabolism

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23
Q

What do sublingual drugs do?

A

They bypass the liver metabolism

24
Q

How is a drugs distribution affected?

A

Binding to plasma proteins - affects active concentration of the drug
Binding to other tissues
Accumulation in lipids (e.g. general anaesthetic)
Natural barriers (e.g. blood brain barrier)

25
Q

What is drug metabolism?

A

The process by which drugs are chemically changed from a lipid soluble to a water soluble for excretion.

Ph1: Drug is altered to make it suitable for excretion (P450 enzyme)

Ph2: Molecules from Ph1 are conjugated to a more water-soluble product.

26
Q

What is ‘enterohepatic circulation’?

A

When drugs are re-absorbed and re-enter the portal vein.

27
Q

What impacts how a drug interacts with the body?

A

Age, genetics, malnutrition, medical conditions

28
Q

Describe side effects

A

Nutrient Defs: e.g. metformin and B12
Metabolic effects: e.g. PPIs and hypomagnesaemia
Dependence (e.g. diazepam)
Osteo: (e.g. corticosteroids)
Gout (e.g. diuretics)
CV Disease (e.g. NSAIDS)
Peptic Ulcers (e.g. NSAIDS)

29
Q

What are the key side effects of a PPI?

A

Bone fractures
Hypomagnesaemia
B12 def
Bacterial enteric infections
Rebound acid
Kidney disease
Dementia

30
Q

What are NTIs?

A

Narrow Therapeutic Index drugs that can become dangerously toxic/ineffective with only a small change in their blood concentrations. (Digoxin (heart) and Warfarin (blood thinner)

31
Q

What does garlic interact with?

A

Cholesterol and BP drugs

32
Q

What does gingko interact with?

A

Antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs due to CYP induction.

33
Q

What does grapefruit interact with?

A

Inhibits CYP3A4 in intestinal wall e.g don’t use with Digoxin or Statins.

34
Q

What does soy interact with?

A

Levothyroxine and Tamoxifen (oestrogen blocking)

35
Q

What nutrients do PPIs deplete?

A

Beta-carotene, calcium, chromium, iron, Mg, b12, vit C & zinc.
By - reduced gastric acid levels inhibit absorption.

36
Q

What nutrients do Steroids deplete?

A

Cal, vit D, Cr, Mg
By - increasing urinary excretion, losses from bone tissue.

37
Q

What nutrients do statins reduce?

A

CoQ10
By blocking synthesis of mevalonic acid, a precursor of cholesterol and CoQ10

38
Q

What nutrients do antibiotics reduce?

A

Biotin, B1, 2, 6, 12
By destruction of normal intestinal microflora.

39
Q

What nutrients do Metformin reduce?

A

B12, folate
By malabsorption of B12 / B9

40
Q

What nutrients do Diuretics reduce?

A

Cal, Mg, Folate
By increased urinary loss

41
Q

What nutrients do Antacids reduce?

A

Cal, Iron, Cr
By increased gastric pH reducing solubility and absorption.

42
Q

What nutrients does Thyroxine reduce?

A

Cal
By increased bone turnover leading to increased urinary cal losses.

43
Q

What nutrients do OCPs reduce?

A

Folate, Mg, B1,2,6,12, Vit A & C, Zinc
By reduced absorption, increased excretion, increased protein binding

44
Q

What are ACE inhibitors for?

A

Heart failure/hypertension

45
Q

What are Statins for?

A

Hypercholesterolaemia

46
Q

What are Diuretics for?

A

Oedema due to heart failure / hypertension

47
Q

What are Digoxins for?

A

Atrial fibrilation, heart failure

48
Q

What are Antacids for?

A

GORD

49
Q

What are PPIs for?

A

GORD

50
Q

What are Anticoagulants for?

A

DVT, pulmonary embolism, TIAs

51
Q

What are Thyroid hormones for?

A

Hypothyroidism

52
Q

What are Antidepressants for?

A

Depressive illness, PTSD, OCD

53
Q

What is the serotonin syndrome?

A

An excess of serotonin due to therapeutic drug use, overdose or interaction

54
Q

What are symptoms of SS?

A

Confusion, disorientation, exaggerated reflexes, fever, sweating, BP changes.

55
Q

What are NSAIDS for?

A

Pain relief, inflammation, temp reduction

56
Q

What are Corticosteroids used for?

A

Asthma, eczema, iBD, autoimmune conditions

Nut 2 Sem 1 (8 decks)

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