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Nut 2 Sem 1 > Herbal Medicine > Flashcards

Herbal Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

What is a primary metabolite?

A

Compounds in plants that are needed for the plant to grow and function.

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2
Q

What are the components of a primary metabolite?

A

Starch (energy), Chlorophyll (carb production), Cellulose (pressure), Lignin (structure)

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3
Q

What is a secondary metabolite?

A

Assists the plants survival within environment (defence, protection)

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4
Q

What does aspirin deplete?

A

Glutathione

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5
Q

What do coffee beans contain?

A

Alkaloids (stimulating)

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6
Q

Name 4 benefits of chamomile

A
  1. Relax the CNS
  2. Antispasmodic in the digestive system
  3. Anti-inflammatory for skin and digestive tract
  4. Anti-ulcer
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7
Q

What is an alkaloid?

A

A phytochemical with strong stimulating effects on the CNS (Berberine)

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8
Q

What is an anthraquinone?

A

A phytochemical causing powerful evacuation (Senna)

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9
Q

What is a flavonoid?

A

A phytochemical with anti-oxidant and anti-viral properties (Hawthorn Berry)

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10
Q

What is a saponin?

A

A phytochemical with adaptogenic and steroid effects (Liquorice)

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11
Q

What is a tannin?

A

A phytochemical, astringent and dries wounds (Yarrow)

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12
Q

What is a terpenes?

A

A phytochemical with antispasmodic properties in the GIT and lungs. (Lavender)

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13
Q

Who regulates herbs in the UK?

A

Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA)

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14
Q

Name 9 internal applications of herbs

A

Infusions, decoctions, syrups, tinctures, glycerites, powders, capsules, lozenges, standard extracts.

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15
Q

Name 6 external applications of herbs

A

Oils, creams, lotions, ointments, poultices, compresses.

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16
Q

What are infusions used for?

A

Preparing delicate or aromatic leaves and flowers

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17
Q

What are decoctions used for?

A

Preparing roots, fruits and barks that need to be cooked to extract water-soluble phytochemicals.

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18
Q

Name two decocted herbs

A

Dandelion root (liver support) and burdock root (detox).

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19
Q

What are syrups used for?

A

Cough and throat remedies

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20
Q

What are tinctures?

A

Concentrated, fast-acting with good compliance and long shelf-life.
Phytochemicals are extracted in ethanol so readily absorbed.

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21
Q

Who should not take a tincture?

A

Recovering alcoholics, inflammatory conditions (gastritis)

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22
Q

What are glycerites?

A

Made by steeping herbs in glycerine, good for people who can’t have alcohol or sugar. But glycerine doesn’t extract as many phytochemicals as water/alcohol and it has a short shelf-life. Great for children.

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23
Q

How is a powder used?

A

The whole herb is digested and the small particle size aids assimilation. Short shelf life because high surface area increases oxidation.

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24
Q

What are standard extracts?

A

Contain a quantified amount of active constituents so that medicines are consistent and reproducible (milk thistle for silymarin content).

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25
Q

How are infused oils made?

A

By steeping or cooking herbs in oil using a double burner.

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26
Q

What oil would you use for dry skin?

A

Calendula

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27
Q

What oil would you use for sprains, strains and arthritis?

A

Comfrey (it increases cell proliferation to promote healing)

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28
Q

What oil would you use for fungal infections?

A

Garlic

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29
Q

How are essential oils made?

A

By extracting the volatile phytochemicals from the herbs by steam distillation.

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30
Q

How are ointments made?

A

By mixing infused oils with beeswax or cocoa butter

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31
Q

How are creams made?

A

By mixing infused oils with water using emulsifying wax.

32
Q

How are lotions made?

A

The same way as cream but with more water.

33
Q

What is a poultice?

A

An application of crushed herbs applied directly to the skin and held in place with a bandage.

Comfrey for musculoskeletal
Plantain leaf for skin inflammation, bruises or bites

34
Q

What is a compress?

A

A cloth soaked in herbal infusion or decoction and then applied to skin.

35
Q

How do herbal medicines differ from foods?

A

Culturally (used differently in different societies)
Foods are considered fro macro/micro content whereas medicinal herbs are used for their concentration of phytochemicals.

36
Q

How do herbal infusions differ from herbal decoctions?

A

Infusions are used for preparing delicate leaves/flowers.
Decoctions are used for preparing roots, fruits and barks that need to be cooked to extract water-soluble phytochemicals.

37
Q

Benefits of herbal infusions

A

Hydrating, compliant

38
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of tinctures

A

A: Concentrated and fast acting, good compliance and shelf life
D: Very potent, not suitable for recovering alcoholics, some religions and inflammatory conditions such as gastritis.

39
Q

When would glycerites be appropriate?

A

For those who can’t consume alcohol, children, mouth, throat and cough remedies.

40
Q

Why are powders described as ‘food form’

A

Because the whole herb is digested and small particle size aids assimilation.

41
Q

What are key herbal actions for the digestive system?

A

Bitters: Stimulates digestive secretions (dandelion root)
Aromatic digestive: Promotes digestion (cardamom)
Carminative: Relaxes digestive smooth muscles (peppermint)
Demulcent: Soothes and heals mucous membranes (slippery elm)
Antiemetic: Reduces nausea (ginger)

42
Q

Describe Aloe Vera

A

Local anti-inflammatory for wounds/burns/GI inflammation.
Inhibits COX hence production of pro-inflammatory PG2 made from arachidonic acid.
KEY CONSTITUENTS: Polysaccharides

43
Q

Describe Cardamom

A

Carminative, gastro-protective, used for weak digestion, promotes circulation, positive effects on hypertension.
LOX inhibiting properties.
KEY CONSTITUENTS: Volatile oil, flavonoids

44
Q

Describe Chamomile

A

Anti-inflammatory, carminative, antispasmodic, antioxidant, mild sedative, IBS/IBD
Anxiolytic (binds to GABA receptors).
KEY CONSTITUENTS: Volatile oil, flavonoids

45
Q

Describe Fennel

A

Antispasmodic, carminative, indigestion, flatulence, bloating.
KEY CONSTITUENTS: Volatile oil, flavonoids

46
Q

Describe Ginger

A

Carminative, anti-inflam (inhibits LOX/COX), circulatory stimulant, weak digestion, joint pain, arthritis
KEY CONSTITUENTS: Volatile oil

47
Q

Describe Liquorice

A

Anti-inflam, mucoprotective, anti-viral, GORD, ulcers, H pylori, coughs, adrenal depletion.
Mildly oestrogenic - antagonises exogenous oestrogen. Inhibits CYP1B1
KEY CONSTITUENTS: Glycyrrhetinic acid

48
Q

Name three herbal actions for the liver.

A

Hepatoprotective: Protects liver (milk thistle)
Choleretic: Increases bile production (dandelion root)
Cholagogue: Increases release of stored bile from gallbladder (artichoke)

49
Q

Describe Artichoke

A

Hepatoprotective, sluggish digestion, (especially from rich, fatty foods), liver disease, high cholesterol

50
Q

Describe Dandelion Root

A

Dyspepsia, constipation, appetite loss, gallstones and cholecystitis. (Increases liver AO enzymes)

51
Q

Describe Milk Thistle

A

Hepatoprotective/Restorative, antioxidant (protects against P1 metabolites. Increases glutathione), fatty liver, nausea, dyspepsia, flatulent colic.

52
Q

Name 5 herbal actions for the respiratory system

A

Anticatarrhal: Reduces catarrh (eyebright)
Diaphoretic: Promotes sweating/fever (cinnamon)
Expectorant: Facilitates removal of catarrh (Liquorice)
Anti-microbial: Destroys infectious microorganisms (Thyme)
Antispasmodic: Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle (Aniseed)

53
Q

Describe Thyme

A

Anti-microbial. Colds, sore throats, bronchitis, dysbiosis

54
Q

Describe Cinnamon

A

Blood sugar reg, carminative, weak digestions, nausea, poor circulation (Raynauds) DB Mellitus - increases insulin receptor sensitivity, H.Pylori

55
Q

Describe Sage

A

Antispasmodic. Gingivitis, respiratory infections, tonsillitis, menopausal sweats

56
Q

Describe Garlic

A

Antibacterial/fungal/parasitic. Immune boosting (increases NK cells). Lowers cholesterol, anti-inflam, colds, flu.

57
Q

Name 3 key herbal actions for the immune system

A

Immunomodulator: Balances and strengthens immune system (Astragalus)
Immune-enhancing: Increases response (Echinacea)
Anti-inflam: Reduces inflammation (Turmeric)

58
Q

Describe Astragalus

A

Immune modulating/enhancing/adaptogen. Chronic/recurrent infections, fatigue, infection prevention. (Take it when you’re healthy and stop if you start to get ill)

59
Q

Describe Echinacea

A

Immune enhancing/modulating. Acute infections - bacterial, viral, flu, tonsils, UTIs, arthritis

60
Q

Describe Turmeric

A

Anti-inflam, antioxidant, anticancer. OA/RA/SLE/UC, liver support, eczema, psoriasis.

61
Q

Name 5 key herbal actions for the nervous system

A

Nootropic: Enhances brain function (Rosemary)
Nervine: Relaxes the nervous system (Lavender)
Thymoleptic: Lifts the mood (St John’s Wort)
Sedative: Relaxes the nerves and promotes sleep (Valerian)
Anxiolytic: Alleviates anxiety (Passionflower)

62
Q

Describe Ginkgo

A

Anti-oxidant, neuroprotective, nootropic. Increases memory and concentration.

63
Q

Describe Lavender

A

Nervine, anti-depressant, anxiolytic. Depression, anxiety, insomnia, PMS, bloating and stress headaches.

64
Q

Describe Passionflower

A

Anxiolytic, antispasmodic, mild sedative, insomnia, tension headaches, muscle pain/spasms.

65
Q

Describe Rosemary

A

Circulatory stimulant, nootropic, carminiative, antioxidant. Improves memory, concentration/mental performance, tension headaches.

66
Q

Describe St John’s Wort

A

Antidepressant, nervine tonic. Depression, anxiety, anti-viral. Avoid with antidepressants.

67
Q

Name 5 key herbal actions for the reproductive system

A

Hormone modulators: Regulate and balance hormone activity. (Chaste berry)
Emmenagogue: Promotes menstruation (Dong Quai)
Galactagogue: Promotes breast milk production (Fennel seeds)
Reproductive tonic: Promotes reproductive health/fertility (Shatavari)
Anti-prostatic: Reduces symptoms from prostate gland (saw palmetto)

68
Q

Describe Black Cohosh

A

Emmenagogue and estrogen modulating. Menopausal symptoms, PMS, RA, cramps

69
Q

Describe Chaste Berry

A

The PMS herb
Prolactin inhibitor and galactagogue.
PMS, dysmenorrhoea, miscarriages, insufficient lactation, after OCP to regulate cycle.

70
Q

Describe Dong Quai

A

Uterine tonic, dysmenorrhoea, endo, menopause, PMS, irregular/absent periods.

71
Q

Describe Shatavari

A

Aphrodisiac (testosterone), galactagogue, adaptogen, menopausal, vaginal dryness, low libido. infertility.

72
Q

Describe Saw Palmetto

A

Anti-androgenic, anti-inflam. BPH, prostatitis, cystitis. (No.1 prostate herb)

73
Q

What is an adaptogen?

A

Increases resistance to physical, biological, emotional and environmental stressor.
Effects are exerted via mechanisms, mediated by the HPA axis.

74
Q

What is a tonic?

A

Herbs that improve tone, vigour and body function

75
Q

What’s the difference between an adaptogen and a tonic?

A

Adaptogens conserve energy, whilst tonics restore energy.

76
Q

Describe Ashwagandha

A

Adaptogen, tonic, nervine, mild sedative, anti-inflam.
Impotence, infertility, anaemia, arthritis, insomnia.

77
Q

What’s the difference between Korean Ginseng and Siberian Ginseng?

A

KG: Very stimulating, use for stress, low immunity, male infertility and impotence, increase MENTAL performance.
SG: Physical stress, fatigue, PHYSICAL (and mental) performance, chemo and radio.

Nut 2 Sem 1 (8 decks)

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