Pharmacology Flashcards
What are the 5 classifications of Aspirin?
- anti-platelet
- anti-thrombotic
- anti-inflammatory
- anti-pyretic
- analgesic
What are the pharmacodynamics for Aspirin?
inhibits the formation of thromboxane A2
- which is a potent platelet aggregate and vasoconstrictor
What is the onset of Aspirin
15-30 minutes
What is the duration of Aspirin?
4-6 hours
What is the classification of Epinephrine?
sympathomimetic
What are the pharmacodynamics of epi?
A1 receptor - vasoconstriction
B1 receptor - increase heart rate and contractility
B2 receptor - moderate bronchodilation
- inhibits histamine release
- positive chronotropic, inotropic and dromotropic effects
What is the onset of epi (IV)?
immediate
What is the duration of epi (IV)?
unknown
What is the onset of epinephrine (SC/IM)?
5-15 minutes
What is the duration of epinephrine (SC/IM)?
1-4 hours
What is the onset of epinephrine via inhalation?
1-5 minutes
What is the onset of epinephrine via inhalation?
1-5 minutes
What is the duration of epinephrine via inhalation?
1-3 hours
What are the classifications of nitroglycerin?
- anti-anginal
- nitrate
What are the pharmacodynamics of nitroglycerin?
- relaxes smooth muscle and dilates both arterial and venous vessels
- decreases the preload on the heart as well as myocardial oxygen consumption
What is the onset of nitroglycerin?
1-3 minutes
What is the onset of nitroglycerin?
1-3 minutes
What is the duration of nitroglycerin?
30 minutes
What is the classification of salbutamol (ventolin)?
- bronchodilator
- sympathomimetic
What are the pharmacodynamics of salbutamol?
- selective B2 stimulation = bronchodilation and some degree of vasodilation
- some B1 effects especially in repeated doses
- little to no alpha stimulation
What is the onset of salbutamol?
5 mins
What is the duration of salbutamol?
3-8 hours
What are the classifications of glucagon?
- glucose elevating agent (pancreatic hormone)
- insulin antagonist
What are the pharmacodynamics of Glucagon?
- accelerates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in liver
- secreted by alpha cells in the pancreas, elevates blood glucose levels by increasing the breakdown of glycogen to glucose and inhibiting glycogen synthesis
- produces relaxation of smooth muscle of the stomach, duodenum, small bowel and colon
- exerts a positive inotropic action on the heart
What is the onset of glucagon?
8-10 mins approx
What is the duration of glucagon?
19-32 mins
What is the classification of naloxone?
- narcotic antagonist
- diagnostic agent
What are the pharmacodynamics of naloxone?
- reverses the effects of opioids including respiratory depression, sedation, hypotension
- antagonizes the opioid effects by competing for the same receptor sites (especially the mu receptor)
- binds to all three opioid receptors (mu, kappa, gamma)
What is the onset of naloxone (IV)?
1 min
What is the duration of naloxone (IV)?
45 mins
What is the duration of naloxone (IV)?
45 mins
What are the pharmacodynamics of Dimenhydrinate (gravol)?
- H1 receptor antagonist
- decreases hyper-stimulated labyrinthine function
- may block synapses in the vomiting centre
What are the pharmacodynamics of Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)?
- antihistamine and anticholinergic (drying) and sedative effects
- antihistamines appear to compete with histamine for cell receptor sites on effector cells
What are the general mechanisms of action for sympathomimetic drugs?
Heart:
beta receptors
- increased hr
- increased contractility
- increased automaticity
Systemic:
alpha receptors
- vasoconstriction
beta receptors
- vasodilation
Lungs:
alpha receptors
- mild bronchoconstriction
beta receptors
- bronchodilation
What are some examples of sympathomimetic drugs?
- epinephrine
- albuterol
- dopamine
- norepinephrine
- isoproterenol
What is the general actions for sympathetic blockers?
class of drugs that antagonize adrenergic receptor sites
- reduces heart rate
- reduces contractile force
- lowers blood pressure
What is the general mechanism of action for antidysrhythmics?
- useful in treatment and prevention of cardiac dysrhythmias by either slowing or speeding up the heart
What is the general mechanism of action for Parasympatholytics?
- drugs that inhibit the actions of parasympathetic nervous system (also known as anticholinergics)
- stimulation induces peristalsis and causes pupillary constriction and decrease in HR
What is the general mechanism of action for anticoagulants?
drugs that inhibit blood clot formation
- used for acute coronary syndrome, acute embolic and thrombotic strokes, pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis
What is the general mechanism of action for Fibrinolytics?
drugs used to dissolve a blood clot
3 main types:
- strepokinase
- anistreplase
- alteplase
What is the general mechanism of action for cardiac pain management?
drugs that have proved effective in alleviating pain, block the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes and reduce prostaglandins throughout the body
- as a consequence, ongoing inflammation, pain and fever are reduced
What is the general mechanism of action for diuretics?
increases cardiac output and to reduce pulmonary and peripheral edema
- they act by diminishing sodium reabsorption at different sites in the nephron, thereby increasing urinary sodium and water losses
Inotropic:
contraction force
Chronotropic:
heart rate
Dromotropic:
conduction speed
Versed
midazolam - sedation
Seroquel
quetiapine - antipsychotic
Crestor
rosuvastatin - dyslipdemia
Ativan
lorazepam - sedation
Celexa
citalopram - antidepressant
Macrobid
nitrofurantoin - antibiotic, UTI tx
Altace
ramipril - high BP
Lasix
furosemide - diuretic
Diovan
valsartan - hypertension
Flomax
tamsulosin - enlarged prostate
Coumadin
warfarin - anticoagulant
Plavix
clopidogrel - antiplatelet
Lipitor
atorvastatin - dyslipidemia
Xarelto
rivaroxaban - anticoagulant
Cialis
tadalafil - erectile dysfunction
Prozac
fluoxetine - antidepressants
Vasotec
enalapril - HTN
Dilantin
phenytoin - anti-epileptic
Norvasc
amlodipine - HTN
Risperidal
risperidone - antipsychotic
Eliquis
apixaban - anticoagulant
Effexor
venlafaxine - antidepressant
What does parasympathetic activity stimulate?
- pupil constriction
- increased gastric mobility
- bradycardia
- increased secretion
- bronchoconstriction
What do muscarinic M1 receptors do for the parasympathetic system?
- acts to increase secretion of salivary glands
- stimulate bronchoconstriction
- gastric acid secretion
What do muscarinic M2 receptors do for the parasympathetic system?
- located in the heart and acts to bring the intrinsic rate down
What do muscarinic M3 receptors do for the parasympathetic system?
- acts to cause bronchoconstriction, and acts on the detrouser muscle that causes bladder contraction
What does sympathetic activity stimulate?
- dilated pupils
- tachycardia
- increase in lipolysis from fatty acids
- increased diameter in coronary and skeletal vessels
- vasoconstriction of vessels of the gastric tract/skin
- decrease in gastric motility
What does norepinephrine do for the human body?
- in the brain it increases alertness and increased vigilance and in the body increases BP, HR and glucose uptake
