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Exam Prep > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 classifications of Aspirin?

A
  • anti-platelet
  • anti-thrombotic
  • anti-inflammatory
  • anti-pyretic
  • analgesic
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2
Q

What are the pharmacodynamics for Aspirin?

A

inhibits the formation of thromboxane A2
- which is a potent platelet aggregate and vasoconstrictor

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3
Q

What is the onset of Aspirin

A

15-30 minutes

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4
Q

What is the duration of Aspirin?

A

4-6 hours

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5
Q

What is the classification of Epinephrine?

A

sympathomimetic

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6
Q

What are the pharmacodynamics of epi?

A

A1 receptor - vasoconstriction
B1 receptor - increase heart rate and contractility
B2 receptor - moderate bronchodilation

  • inhibits histamine release
  • positive chronotropic, inotropic and dromotropic effects
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7
Q

What is the onset of epi (IV)?

A

immediate

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8
Q

What is the duration of epi (IV)?

A

unknown

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9
Q

What is the onset of epinephrine (SC/IM)?

A

5-15 minutes

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10
Q

What is the duration of epinephrine (SC/IM)?

A

1-4 hours

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11
Q

What is the onset of epinephrine via inhalation?

A

1-5 minutes

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12
Q

What is the onset of epinephrine via inhalation?

A

1-5 minutes

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13
Q

What is the duration of epinephrine via inhalation?

A

1-3 hours

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14
Q

What are the classifications of nitroglycerin?

A
  • anti-anginal
  • nitrate
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15
Q

What are the pharmacodynamics of nitroglycerin?

A
  • relaxes smooth muscle and dilates both arterial and venous vessels
  • decreases the preload on the heart as well as myocardial oxygen consumption
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16
Q

What is the onset of nitroglycerin?

A

1-3 minutes

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17
Q

What is the onset of nitroglycerin?

A

1-3 minutes

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18
Q

What is the duration of nitroglycerin?

A

30 minutes

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19
Q

What is the classification of salbutamol (ventolin)?

A
  • bronchodilator
  • sympathomimetic
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20
Q

What are the pharmacodynamics of salbutamol?

A
  • selective B2 stimulation = bronchodilation and some degree of vasodilation
  • some B1 effects especially in repeated doses
  • little to no alpha stimulation
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21
Q

What is the onset of salbutamol?

A

5 mins

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22
Q

What is the duration of salbutamol?

A

3-8 hours

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23
Q

What are the classifications of glucagon?

A
  • glucose elevating agent (pancreatic hormone)
  • insulin antagonist
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24
Q

What are the pharmacodynamics of Glucagon?

A
  • accelerates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in liver
  • secreted by alpha cells in the pancreas, elevates blood glucose levels by increasing the breakdown of glycogen to glucose and inhibiting glycogen synthesis
  • produces relaxation of smooth muscle of the stomach, duodenum, small bowel and colon
  • exerts a positive inotropic action on the heart
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25
Q

What is the onset of glucagon?

A

8-10 mins approx

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26
Q

What is the duration of glucagon?

A

19-32 mins

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27
Q

What is the classification of naloxone?

A
  • narcotic antagonist
  • diagnostic agent
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28
Q

What are the pharmacodynamics of naloxone?

A
  • reverses the effects of opioids including respiratory depression, sedation, hypotension
  • antagonizes the opioid effects by competing for the same receptor sites (especially the mu receptor)
  • binds to all three opioid receptors (mu, kappa, gamma)
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29
Q

What is the onset of naloxone (IV)?

A

1 min

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30
Q

What is the duration of naloxone (IV)?

A

45 mins

31
Q

What is the duration of naloxone (IV)?

A

45 mins

32
Q

What are the pharmacodynamics of Dimenhydrinate (gravol)?

A
  • H1 receptor antagonist
  • decreases hyper-stimulated labyrinthine function
  • may block synapses in the vomiting centre
33
Q

What are the pharmacodynamics of Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)?

A
  • antihistamine and anticholinergic (drying) and sedative effects
  • antihistamines appear to compete with histamine for cell receptor sites on effector cells
34
Q

What are the general mechanisms of action for sympathomimetic drugs?

A

Heart:
beta receptors
- increased hr
- increased contractility
- increased automaticity

Systemic:
alpha receptors
- vasoconstriction
beta receptors
- vasodilation

Lungs:
alpha receptors
- mild bronchoconstriction
beta receptors
- bronchodilation

35
Q

What are some examples of sympathomimetic drugs?

A
  • epinephrine
  • albuterol
  • dopamine
  • norepinephrine
  • isoproterenol
36
Q

What is the general actions for sympathetic blockers?

A

class of drugs that antagonize adrenergic receptor sites
- reduces heart rate
- reduces contractile force
- lowers blood pressure

37
Q

What is the general mechanism of action for antidysrhythmics?

A
  • useful in treatment and prevention of cardiac dysrhythmias by either slowing or speeding up the heart
38
Q

What is the general mechanism of action for Parasympatholytics?

A
  • drugs that inhibit the actions of parasympathetic nervous system (also known as anticholinergics)
  • stimulation induces peristalsis and causes pupillary constriction and decrease in HR
39
Q

What is the general mechanism of action for anticoagulants?

A

drugs that inhibit blood clot formation
- used for acute coronary syndrome, acute embolic and thrombotic strokes, pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis

40
Q

What is the general mechanism of action for Fibrinolytics?

A

drugs used to dissolve a blood clot

3 main types:
- strepokinase
- anistreplase
- alteplase

41
Q

What is the general mechanism of action for cardiac pain management?

A

drugs that have proved effective in alleviating pain, block the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes and reduce prostaglandins throughout the body
- as a consequence, ongoing inflammation, pain and fever are reduced

42
Q

What is the general mechanism of action for diuretics?

A

increases cardiac output and to reduce pulmonary and peripheral edema
- they act by diminishing sodium reabsorption at different sites in the nephron, thereby increasing urinary sodium and water losses

43
Q

Inotropic:

A

contraction force

44
Q

Chronotropic:

A

heart rate

45
Q

Dromotropic:

A

conduction speed

46
Q

Versed

A

midazolam - sedation

47
Q

Seroquel

A

quetiapine - antipsychotic

48
Q

Crestor

A

rosuvastatin - dyslipdemia

49
Q

Ativan

A

lorazepam - sedation

50
Q

Celexa

A

citalopram - antidepressant

51
Q

Macrobid

A

nitrofurantoin - antibiotic, UTI tx

52
Q

Altace

A

ramipril - high BP

53
Q

Lasix

A

furosemide - diuretic

54
Q

Diovan

A

valsartan - hypertension

55
Q

Flomax

A

tamsulosin - enlarged prostate

56
Q

Coumadin

A

warfarin - anticoagulant

57
Q

Plavix

A

clopidogrel - antiplatelet

58
Q

Lipitor

A

atorvastatin - dyslipidemia

59
Q

Xarelto

A

rivaroxaban - anticoagulant

60
Q

Cialis

A

tadalafil - erectile dysfunction

61
Q

Prozac

A

fluoxetine - antidepressants

62
Q

Vasotec

A

enalapril - HTN

63
Q

Dilantin

A

phenytoin - anti-epileptic

64
Q

Norvasc

A

amlodipine - HTN

65
Q

Risperidal

A

risperidone - antipsychotic

66
Q

Eliquis

A

apixaban - anticoagulant

67
Q

Effexor

A

venlafaxine - antidepressant

68
Q

What does parasympathetic activity stimulate?

A
  • pupil constriction
  • increased gastric mobility
  • bradycardia
  • increased secretion
  • bronchoconstriction
69
Q

What do muscarinic M1 receptors do for the parasympathetic system?

A
  • acts to increase secretion of salivary glands
  • stimulate bronchoconstriction
  • gastric acid secretion
70
Q

What do muscarinic M2 receptors do for the parasympathetic system?

A
  • located in the heart and acts to bring the intrinsic rate down
71
Q

What do muscarinic M3 receptors do for the parasympathetic system?

A
  • acts to cause bronchoconstriction, and acts on the detrouser muscle that causes bladder contraction
72
Q

What does sympathetic activity stimulate?

A
  • dilated pupils
  • tachycardia
  • increase in lipolysis from fatty acids
  • increased diameter in coronary and skeletal vessels
  • vasoconstriction of vessels of the gastric tract/skin
  • decrease in gastric motility
73
Q

What does norepinephrine do for the human body?

A
  • in the brain it increases alertness and increased vigilance and in the body increases BP, HR and glucose uptake

Exam Prep (10 decks)

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