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2MB Ophthalmology > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

List the main routes of administration of ocular drugs

A

Topical (drops, ointments)
Subconjunctival
Subtenons
Ocular injection (intravitreal, intracameral)

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2
Q

Which type of drug - hydrophilic or lipophilic - can penetrate the ocular epithelium?

A

Lipophilic (lipid soluble drugs), since epithelium is hydrophobic and lipophilic

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3
Q

Which type of drug - hydrophilic or lipophilic - can penetrate the ocular stroma?

A

Hydrophilic (water soluble drugs), since stroma is hydrophilic and lipophobic

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4
Q

Chloramphenicol is both hydrophilic and lipophilic. True/False?

A

True

Penetrates cornea easily

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5
Q

What effect does ocular surface inflammation have on the hydrophobic nature of the ocular epithelium?

A

Reduces hydrophobic nature

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6
Q

Tear film may impede drug penetration. Why?

A

Lipid layer will impede hydrophilic agents

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7
Q

Hydrophilic drugs are limited by epithelium/stroma and lipophilic drugs are limited by epithelium/stroma

A

Hydrophilic drugs are limited by epithelium and lipophilic drugs are limited by stroma

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8
Q

How can topical steroid be made more hydrophobic (what can be added)?

A

Alcohol (acetate)

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9
Q

How can topical steroid be made more hydrophilic (what can be added)?

A

Phosphate

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10
Q

Prednisolone acetate is hydrophilic. True/False?

A

False

Hydrophobic (contains acetate)

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11
Q

Prednisolone phosphate has good penetration. True/False?

A

False

It is hydrophilic and thus doesn’t penetrate ocular epithelium well (epithelium is hydrophobic)

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12
Q

What can be added to a topical drug to increase corneal penetration?

A

Benzalkonium

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13
Q

Give an example of a drug that can be administered through the subconjunctival route

A

Steroid

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14
Q

Give an example of a drug that can be administered through the subtenons route

A

Local anaesthetic (via cannula)

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15
Q

List some anti-inflammatory agents for ocular disease

A

Steroid
NSAIDs
Anti-histamines
Mast cell stabilisers

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16
Q

When are topical steroids usually used for ocular disease?

A

Post-op cataracts
Uveitis
Prevent corneal graft rejection

17
Q

List some local ocular side effects of steroids

A

Acute glaucoma
Cataract
Exacerbation of viral infection

18
Q

How do glaucoma drops basically work?

A

Decrease production of fluid and/or increase fluid outflow/drainage from the eye through the trabecular meshwork

19
Q

Which class of drug is 1st line for glaucoma and how does it work?

A

Prostanoids - Latanoprost (Xalatan)

Opens up uveal-scleral outflow (makes vessels leakier to allow fluid drainage)

20
Q

How to beta-blockers and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors help in glaucoma?

A

Block ciliary body and thus decrease fluid production

21
Q

Give an example of a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

A

Topical Dorzolamide

Systemic Acetazolamide

22
Q

How do alpha agonists help in glaucoma? Give an example of one

A

Brimonidine

Make all vessels leakier and thus increase fluid drainage

23
Q

How do parasympathomimetics help in glaucoma? Give an example of one

A

Pilocarpine

Pull iris tight together to open up trabecular meshwork and enable fluid drainage

24
Q

Name a pro + con of intravitreal drug administration

A

Deliver effective concn of drug

Can be toxic to retina

25
Q

When is intravitreal drug administration mainly used?

A

Administering antibiotic in exophthalmitis

Intra-ocular steroids

26
Q

What effect does local anaesthetic have on the eye?

A

Blocks sodium channels + impedes nerve conduction so can keep eye open

27
Q

Which dye is useful for viewing corneal abrasions?

A

Fluorescein dye

28
Q

What do mydriatics do? Give an example and side effect

A

Block parasympathetic supply to iris, causing pupil dilation
Tropicamide
Side effect: blurring, acute glaucoma

2MB Ophthalmology (10 decks)

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