Pharmacology

Question 1

Pharmacodynamics:def

Answer 1

‘What the drug does to the body’

Question 2

Pharmacokinetics:def

Answer 2

‘What the body does to the drug’
The study of the time course of drug absorption (from the site of administration), distribution, metabolism and excretion

Question 3

ADME acronym for?

Answer 3

Pharmacokinetics
The study of the time course of drug absorption (from the site of administration), distribution, metabolism and excretion

Question 4

Administration of drugs routes

Answer 4

1 Oral (most common)
Convenient
Acceptable
No special skills
Variety of pharmaceutical solutions for different patients
2 p.o. = per os (by mouth)
3 Injection
4 IV (intravenous)
5 IM (intramuscular)
6 SC (subcutaneous) (…)
7 Inhalation (drugs for asthma, e.g., salbutamol)
8 Sublingual or buccal
9 Rectal (e.g., suppository)
10 Other epithelial surfaces (skin, cornea, vagina, nasal mucosa)

Question 5

what is ‘First-pass’ metabolism and how does it affect drug administration?

(absorption)

Answer 5

Swallowed drug
(100%)
Digestive system
(enzymes)
Hepatic Portal System
Liver
(enzymes)
Rest of the body
(20%)

Question 6

Distribution of drugs : define

Answer 6

Process by which a compound is transferred from the general circulation to other parts of the body and into the tissues

Most drugs bind to proteins esp. albumin

Compartment: Examples

Total body water: Small, water-soluble molecules (e.g. ethanol)

Extracellular water: Larger, water-soluble molecules (e.g. mannitol)

Blood plasma: Highly plasma protein-bound molecules, very large molecules, highly charged molecules (e.g. heparin)

Adipose tissue: Highly lipid-soluble molecules (e.g. diazepam)

Bone and teeth: Certain ions (e.g. fluoride)

Question 7

What is drug Metabolism?

Where are the main sites?

Answer 7

The processes by which a drug is chemically altered in a way that facilitates its action OR enhances its elimination from the body

LIVER, kidney, GI tract, lungs, skin

Metabolites…

Inactive, less active, active, (therpeutic/toxic effects), Activated/pro-drug

Question 8

What’s a pro-drug

Answer 8

Precursor of the active drug

Needs to be metabolised (in vivo) into pharmacologically active drugs

Question 9

in Metabolism: what is Enzymatic Inhibition and Induction

Answer 9

Inhibition = slower metabolism Induction= Faster metabolism

Question 10

What does excreation mean in relation to a drug?

Answer 10

The processes by which drugs or their metabolites are removed from the body

RENAL

biliary

respiratory

dermal

fecal

Question 11

Summarise pharmacokinetics in the body

Answer 11

Question 12

Summarise pharmacokinetics in the body

Answer 12

Question 13

Summarise possible effects of Drug Action

1

2

3

4

Answer 13

1) Therapeutic: Intended biological effect (placebo?)
2) Side: Undesirable/unintended secondary effect - occurs in addition to the desired therapeutic effect after administration of a drug or combination of drugs under normal conditions / dose
3) Adverse: Harmful reaction after administration of a drug or combination of drugs under normal conditions of use
4) Toxic: Deleterious, undesired effect; following administration of a higher dose of the drug (medicine); e.g., drug poisoning

Question 14

How do side effects happen at an appropriate dose?

Are they the same for all people?

Answer 14

Occur when the drug interacts with same type of receptor at different sites around the body

Or Interacts with more than one type of receptor

Most can be predictable by knowing the pharmacology of the drug

Not the same for all people - biology dependant

Question 15

•What factors could influence drug response?

Answer 15

1 Age

2 Gender

3 Genetics

4 Body Composition

5 Previous exposure

6 Disease

7 Interactions (other medications)

AND

Question 17

•Describe the basic processes of drug-receptor interactions

Question 19

Explain the dose-response relationship

Question 20

When does a full agonist achieve maximal response?

Answer 20

A full agonist achieves a maximal response when all its receptors are occupied