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General Principles > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Efficacy

A

Maximal effect a drug can produce.

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2
Q

Potency

A

Amount of drug needed for a given effect

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3
Q

Bethanechol

A

cholinomimetic agent (acts like ACh) , direct agonist
Activates bladder smooth muscle
urinary retention

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4
Q

Carbachol

A 
cholinomimetic agent (acts like ACh), direct agonist
constricts pupil and relieves intraocular pressure in open-angle glaucoma
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5
Q

Methacholine

A

cholinomimetic agent (acts like ACh), direct agonist
Stimulated muscarinic receptors in airway when inhaled
challenge test for diagnosis of asthma

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6
Q

Pilocarpine

A 
cholinomimetic agent (acts like ACh), direct agonist
potent stimulator of sweat, tears and saliva
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7
Q

Donepezil

A

cholinomimetic agent, indirect agonist
1st line for Alzheimer disease
penetrate the CNS

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8
Q

Rivastigmine

A

cholinomimetic agent, indirect agonist
1st line for Alzheimer disease
penetrate the CNS

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9
Q

Galantamine

A

cholinomimetic agent, indirect agonist
1st line for Alzheimer disease
penetrate the CNS

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10
Q

Edrophonium

A

cholinomimetic agent, indirect agonist
Historically used to diagnose myasthenia gravis; replaced by anti-AChR Ab (anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody) test
quaternary amine
diagnostic tool (tensilon test)

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11
Q

Neostigmine

A

cholinomimetic agent, indirect agonist
Postoperative and neurogenic ileus and urinary retention, myasthenia gravis, reversal of neuromuscular junction blockade (postoperative)
antibody) test
quaternary amine

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12
Q

Physostigmine

A

cholinomimetic agent, indirect agonist
antidote for anticholinergic toxicity
DUMBBELS : diarrhea, urination, miosis, bronchospasm, bradycardia, lacrimation, salivation

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13
Q

Pyridostigmine

A

cholinomimetic agent, indirect agonist
myasthenia gravis (long acting); does not penetrate CNS (antibody) test
quaternary amine)

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14
Q

Atropine

A 
Muscarinic antagonists
treats peripheral and central toxicity
Jimson Weed & Belladonna flower
Mydriasis, cycloplegia 
Tachycardia
Suppressed sweating = hyperthermia
Dry mouth and eyes
Blurred vision
BE CAREFUL WITH ELDERLY - ALICE TEA PARTY
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15
Q

Homatropine

A

Muscarinic antagonists

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16
Q

Tropicamide

A

Muscarinic antagonists

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17
Q

Benztropine

A

Muscarinic antagonists

M1 ( think Parkinson’s = deficient dopamine & excess ACh ) CNS reduce tremors and rigidity

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18
Q

Trihexyphenidyl

A

Muscarinic antagonists

M1 ( think Parkinson’s = deficient dopamine & excess ACh) CNS reduce tremors and rigidity

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19
Q

Glycopyrrolate

A

Muscarinic antagonists

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20
Q

Hyoscyamine

A

Muscarinic antagonists

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21
Q

Dicyclomine

A

Muscarinic antagonists

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22
Q

Ipratroprium

A

Muscarinic antagonists

M3 - bronchodilator

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23
Q

Tiotropium

A

Muscarinic antagonists

M3 - bronchodilator

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24
Q

Oxybutynin

A

Muscarinic antagonists

M3 - hold your pee

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25
Q

Solifenacin

A

Muscarinic antagonists

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26
Q

Tolterodine

A

Muscarinic antagonists

M3 - hold your pee

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27
Q

Scopolamine

A 
Muscarinic antagonists (inhibits M1 CNS)
Used to treat sea sickness (patch)
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28
Q

Albuterol

A

Direct Sympathomimetic
BETA 2 AGONIST
Acute asthma

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29
Q

Salmeterol

A

Direct Sympathomimetic

BETA 2 AGONIST

30
Q

Terbutaline

A

Direct Sympathomimetic
BETA 2 AGONIST
dilate smooth muscle - relaxes the uterus

31
Q

Dobutamine

A

Direct Sympathomimetic
BETA 1 AGONIST, little beta 2
Heart ramp up
increase pulse pressure = increase systolic, decrease diastolic

32
Q

Dopamine

A

Direct Sympathomimetic
D1 Gs increased cAMP beta1 then alpha1
D2 Gi CNS

33
Q

Epinephrine

A

Direct Sympathomimetic
Blood to target tissues - acts as hormone
BETA more then alpha
low dose BETA effects

34
Q

Fenoldopam

A

Direct Sympathomimetic

35
Q

Isoproterenol

A

Direct Sympathomimetic
BETA 1 & 2 AGONIST
diastolic drop beta 2

36
Q

Midodrine

A

Direct Sympathomimetic

37
Q

Mirabegron

A

Direct Sympathomimetic

38
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Direct Sympathomimetic
activate Adrenergic receptors on post synaptic cells - acts as neurotransmitter
alpha 1 & 2 AGONIST (some beta) increase PP
treat septic shock

39
Q

Phenylephrine

A 
Direct Sympathomimetic
ALPHA 1 AGONIST
used as a nasal decongestant 
maintain CO, increase MAP
reflex bradycardia
treat septic shock
40
Q

Amphetamine

A

Indirect Sympathomimetic

Displace catecholamines into synapse

41
Q

Cocaine

A

Indirect Sympathomimetic
Inhibits NET and DAT. Build up of catecholamines in synapse. vasoconstrictor
never give beta blocker

42
Q

Ephedrine

A

Indirect Sympathomimetic

43
Q

Adrenergic

A

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter

44
Q

Cholinergic

A

Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter

45
Q

alpha 1

A

adrenoreceptor (Epi/NE)
Gq = Phospholipase C, IP3/DAG, increased intracellular Ca2+
Vascular smooth muscle of the skin, skeletal muscle, and the splanchnic region, in the sphincters of the gastrointestinal tract and bladder, and in the radial muscle of the iris
VASOCONSTRICTION/VENOCONSTRICTION

46
Q

alpha 2

A

adrenoreceptor (Epi/NE)
Gi = Adenylate cyclase inhibitor
Gastrointestinal tract, wall, decrease insulin release
VASODILATION

47
Q

beta 1

A

HEART
adrenoreceptor (Epi/NE)
Gs = Adenylate cyclase stimulator
Heart, salivary glands, adipose tissue, kidney
INCREASED HEART RATE - cardiac myocytes including SA and AV nodes
increased renin

48
Q

beta 2

A 
adrenoreceptor (Epi/NE)
Gs = Adenylate cyclase stimulator
Vascular smooth muscle of skeletal muscle, walls of gastrointestinal tract and bladder, bronchioles
BRONCHODILATION
DROP IN DIASTOLIC PRESSURE
LIPOLYSIS
GLUCONEOGENESIS
INCREASED INSULIN
49
Q

M1

A

cholinergic (ACh)
nerves in the CNS
Gq = Phospholipase C, IP3, increased intracellular Ca2+

50
Q

M2

A

cholinergic (ACh)
myocardium and smooth muscle
Gi = Adenylate cyclase inhibitor
RELAXATION

51
Q

M3

A

cholinergic (ACh)
glands, bladder, smooth muscle of the eye
Gq = Phospholipase C, IP3, increased intracellular Ca2+
CONTRACTION

52
Q

nonselective alpha 1, alpha 2

A

phenoxybenzamine (irreversible)
used in pheochromocytoma
Phentolamine (reversible)
used to reverse the cheese effect (block breakdown of tyramine)

53
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

Autoimmune disease. Antibodies block ACh receptors. Repetitive movements decrease ACh levels, problem worsens.
Eye problems. Chewing, talking, swallowing problems.
Endrophonium/Tensilon test (drug prevents the breakdown of ACh)

54
Q

Lambert-Eaton Syndrome

A 
Paraneoplastic syndrome (small cell lung cancer)
Antibodies against pre-synaptic Ca channels (prevent ACh release)
Endrophonium/Tensilon test (drug prevents the breakdown of ACh): no improvement
55
Q

Succinylcholine

A

cholinomimetic agent, indirect agonist
depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent
Phase-1 block

56
Q

Brimonidine

A

alpha 2 agonist

used to treat chronic open angle glaucoma (decreases aqueous humor production)

57
Q

metyrosine

A

Indirect Sympathomimetic

Prevents conversion of tyrosine to L-DOPA

58
Q

atomoxetine

A

Indirect Sympathomimetic
Used to treat ADHD
NET inhibitor

59
Q

reserpine

A

Indirect Sympathomimetic

inhibits VMAT, depleting neurotransmitter stores

60
Q

methylphenidate

A

Indirect Sympathomimetic
an amphetamine derivative (Displace catecholamines into synapse)
used to treat ADHD

61
Q

modafinil

A

Indirect Sympathomimetic

stimulate used to treat narcolepsy

62
Q

clonidine

A

alpha 2 agonist
CNS reduces BP
reduced sympathetic tone
used to treat ADHD, tourette’s

63
Q

tizanidine

A

alpha 2 agonist

muscle relaxant

64
Q

phentolamine

A

alpha 1 and alpha 2 antagonist REVERSIBLE
vasodilation
used to treat cocaine toxicity
used during surgery (short acting)

65
Q

phenoxybenzamine

A

alpha 1 and alpha 2 antagonist IRREVERSIBLE

used days before surgery

66
Q

prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin, tamsulosin

-osin

A

alpha 1 selective antagonists

smooth muscle relaxation

67
Q

mirtazapine

A

alpha 2 antagonist

antidepressant

68
Q

Atenolol, Betaxolol, Esmolol, Acebutolol, Metoprolol

A

Beta 1 selective antagonists

cardio selective

69
Q

Carvedilol

A

non selective beta 1 antagonists

and alpha 1 blocker

70
Q

labetalol

A

nonselective beta blocker and alpha 1 blocker
treats hypertension in pregnancy
hypertensive emergency

71
Q

esmolol

A

beta blocker

treat hypertensive emergency

General Principles (6 decks)

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