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General Principles > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in structural proteins and organelles -> increase in size of cells.

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2
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Controlled proliferation of stem cells and differentiated cells -> increase in number of cells. Excessive stimulation -> pathologic hyperplasia (eg, endometrial hyperplasia), which may progress to dysplasia and cancer

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3
Q

Atrophy

A

decrease in tissue mass due to decrease in size (increase cytoskeleton degradation via ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and autophagy; decrease protein synthesis) and/or number of cells (apoptosis). Causes include disuse, denervation, loss of blood supply, loss of hormonal stimulation, poor nutrition.

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4
Q

Metaplasia

A

Reprogramming of stem cells -> replacement of one cell type by another that can adapt to a new stress. Usually due to exposure to an irritant, such as gastric acid (-> Barrett esophagus) or cigarette smoke (-> respiratory ciliated columnar epithelium replaced by stratified squamous epithelium). May progress to dysplasia -> malignant transformation with persistent insult (eg, Barrett esophagus -> esophageal adenocarcinoma). Metaplasia of connective tissue can also occur (mg, myositis ossificans, the formation of bone within muscle after trauma).

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5
Q

Dysplasia

A

Disordered, precancerous epithelial cell growth; not considered a true adaptive response. Characterized by loss of uniformity of cell size and shape (pleomorphism); loss of tissue orientation; nuclear changes (eg, increased nuclear: cytoplasmic ratio and clumped chromatin). Milk and moderate dysplasias (ie, do not involve entire thickness of epithelium) may regress with alleviation of inciting cause. Severe dysplasia often becomes irreversible and progresses to carcinoma in situ. Usually preceded by persistent metaplasia or pathologic hyperplasia.

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6
Q

Carcinoma

A

malignant tumor of epithelial origin

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7
Q

Sarcoma

A

malignant tumor of mesenchymal origin

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8
Q

Adenoma

A

Benign tumor, epithelium cell type

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9
Q

Papilloma

A

Benign tumor, epithelium cell type

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10
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Malignant tumor, epithelium cell type

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11
Q

Papillary Carcinoma

A

Malignant tumor, epithelium cell type

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12
Q

Hemangioma

A

Benign tumor, mesenchyme cells in blood vessels

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13
Q

Leiomyoma

A

Benign tumor, mesenchyme cells in smooth muscle

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14
Q

Rhabdomyoma

A

Benign tumor, mesenchyme cells in striated muscle

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15
Q

Fibroma

A

Benign tumor, mesenchyme cells in connective tissue

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16
Q

Osteoma

A

Benign tumor, mesenchyme cells in bone

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17
Q

Nevus/mole

A

Benign tumor, mesenchyme cells in melanocyte

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18
Q

Lipoma

A

Benign tumor, mesenchyme cells in fat

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19
Q

Leukemia

A

Malignant tumor, mesenchyme cells in blood cells

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20
Q

Lymphoma

A

Malignant tumor, mesenchyme cells in blood cells

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21
Q

Angiosarcoma

A

Malignant tumor, mesenchyme cells in blood vessels

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22
Q

Leiomyosarcoma

A

Malignant tumor, mesenchyme cells in smooth muscle

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23
Q

Rhabdomyosarcoma

A

Malignant tumor, mesenchyme cells in striated muscle

24
Q

Fibrosarcoma

A

Malignant tumor, mesenchyme cells in connective tissue

25
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

Malignant tumor, mesenchyme cells in bone

26
Q

Liposarcoma

A

Malignant tumor, mesenchyme cells in fat

27
Q

Melanoma

A

Malignant tumor, mesenchyme cells in melanocytes

28
Q

Tumor Grade

A

Degree of cellular differentiation and mitotic activity on histology. Ranges from low grade (well-differentiated) to high grade (poorly differentiated, undifferentiated or anaplastic)

29
Q

Tumor Stage

A 
Degree of localization/spread based on site and size of primary lesion, spread to regional lymph nodes, presence of metastases. 
TNM staging
T=Tumor size/invasiveness
N=Node involvement
M=Metastases
30
Q

ALK

A

oncogene

lung adenocarcinoma

31
Q

BCR-ABL

A

oncogene

CML, ALL

32
Q

BCL-2

A

oncogene

follicular and diffuse large B call lymphoma

33
Q

BRAF

A

oncogene

melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma, hairy cell leukemia

34
Q

c-KIT

A

oncogene

gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)

35
Q

c-MYC

A

oncogene

Burkitt lymphoma

36
Q

HER2/neu (c-erbB2)

A

oncogene

Breast and gastric carcinomas

37
Q

JAK2

A

oncogene

Chronic myeloproliferative disorders

38
Q

KRAS

A

oncogene

colon cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer

39
Q

MYCL1

A

oncogene

lung tumor

40
Q

N-myc (MYCN)

A

oncogene

neuroblastoma

41
Q

RET

A

oncogene

MEN 2A and 2B, papillary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma

42
Q

APC

A 
tumor suppressor gene
colorectal cancer (associated with FAP)
43
Q

BRCA1/BRCA2

A

tumor suppressor gene

Breast, ovarian, and pancreatic cancers

44
Q

CDKN2A

A

tumor suppressor gene

melanoma, pancreatic cancer

45
Q

DCC

A

tumor suppressor gene

colon cancer

46
Q

SMAD4 (DPC4)

A

tumor suppressor gene

pancreatic cancer

47
Q

MEN1

A

tumor suppressor gene

multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1

48
Q

NF1

A

tumor suppressor gene

neurofibromatosis type 1

49
Q

NF2

A

tumor suppressor gene

neurofibromatosis type 2

50
Q

PTEN

A

tumor suppressor gene

prostate, breast, and endometrial cancers

51
Q

Rb

A

tumor suppressor gene

retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma (bone cancer)

52
Q

TP53

A

tumor suppressor gene

most human cancers, Li-Fraumeni syndrome

53
Q

TSC1

A

tumor suppressor gene

tuberous sclerosis

54
Q

TSC2

A

tumor suppressor gene

tuberous sclerosis

55
Q

VHL

A

tumor suppressor gene

von Hippel-Lindau disease

56
Q

WT1

A 
tumor suppressor gene
Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma)

General Principles (6 decks)

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