Pharmacology 1

Question 1

what are the two types of pharmacology?

Answer 1

pharmacokinetics

pharmacodynamics

Question 2

what is pharmacodynamics?

Answer 2

study of the biochemical and physiological effects of the drugs in the body
For example, how a drug acts at a receptor and the resultant intracellular changes

Question 3

what is pharmacokinetics?

Answer 3

Study of the effects of the body on the drug
•E.g. how the concentration of the drug in body is affected by is absorption,
distribution, metabolism and excretion (‘MADE’)

Question 4

what is a drug?

Answer 4

a chemical substance of known structure, other than a nutrient or an essential dietary ingredient, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect

Question 5

what may a drug be?(3)

Answer 5

• synthetic chemical •e.g. cis-platin•
• chemical obtained from plants or animals •e.g. atropine
• product of genetic engineering •e.g. insulin

Question 6

what is medicine?

Answer 6

a chemical preparation, which usually, but not necessarily, contains one or more drugs, administered with the intention of producing a therapeutic effect• often contain other substances (excipients, stabilisers, solvents etc) to make them more convenient to use

Question 7

what are medications used for?(5)

Answer 7

• Alleviate symptoms, eg aspirin for pain
• Cure disease, eg antibiotics to clear infection
• Disease prevention, eg flu vaccine
• Aids to other procedures, general anaesthetics during surgery
• Lifestyle aids, eg oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), vitamins

Question 8

1805 pharmacology

Answer 8

Purified morphine extracted from opium

•Many drugs derived from plants quinine, atropine, ephedrine

Question 9

1868 pharmacology

Answer 9

First use of a structural formula to describe a chemical compound

Question 10

1878 pharmacology

Answer 10

Pasteur: bacteria as a cause of disease

Question 11

1905 pharmacology

Answer 11

Concepts of Receptors proposed by Langley, taken up by Gaddum, Schild and Clark

Question 12

Paul Ehrlich 1854-1915

Answer 12

• immunology, antimicrobial chemotherapy
• 1909 arsenical compounds to treat syphilis (concept of chemotherapy)
• Nobel Prize in Medicine of Physiology in 1908 for immunology

Question 13

Gerhard Domagk 1895-1964

Answer 13

-sulfonamides as antibacterial drugs (1935)
•First commercial antibiotic Prontosil (against Streptococcusinfections)
•Nobel Prize in 1939

Question 14

Penicillin

Answer 14

• Howard Florey and Ernest Chain based on earlier discoveries of Alexander Fleming
• Penicillium mold prevented the growth of bacteri