Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > Pharmacological Profiles > Flashcards

Pharmacological Profiles Flashcards

1
Q

What 5 classes fall under Psychotherapeutics?

A
  1. Sedatives & Hypnotics
  2. Antianxiety Drugs
  3. Antidepressants
  4. Antipsychotics
  5. CNS Stimulants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why is using sedatives and hypnotics to treat insomnia not recommended?

A

Because long term use can lead to risk of dependence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What causes Dose-dependent suppression of the CNS, including sleep, sedation, and unconsciousness.

A

Sedatives and Hypnotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What depresses the sensory cortex, decrease motor activity, alter cerebellar function, and produce drowsiness, sedation, and hypnosis?

A

Barbiturates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an example of a barbiturate?

A

Phenobarbital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Barbiturates can produce dose-dependent ___________

A

respiratory depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sedatives & Hypnotics can be used for:

A
  1. Sedation
  2. Seizures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What patients should not take sedatives and hypnotics?

A

history of addiction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Antianxiety drugs can be further subdivided into:

A
  1. Benzodiazepines (benzos)
  2. Non- Benzodiazepines (non-benzos)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Benzodiazepine Action:

A

Bind to specific receptors in the GABA complex, which enhances inhibitory neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Non-Benzo:

A

Act on brain’s dopamine and serotonin receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Benzos end in:

Non-benzos end in:

A
  • pam, -lam
  • one, -ine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Benzodiazepines cause:

A
  • CNS depression
  • may produce tolerance with long-term use and may cause dependence
  • have NO analgesic properties
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Benzodiazepines can be used to treat what 3 things?

A
  1. Sedative/hypnotic
  2. anti-anxiety
  3. anti-seizure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Adverse effects of long term use of benzodiazepines:

A

Withdrawal syndrome after 4-6 weeks of therapy

Never discontinue abruptly decrease over 4-6 weeks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Symptoms of withdrawal:

A
  • Fatigue
  • metallic taste
  • HA
  • numbness in extremities
  • sweating
  • dry mouth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which antianxiety drug has less abuse potential?

A

Bu Spar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Contraindication for benzos

A
  • comatose patients
  • CNS depression
  • uncontrolled severe pain
  • glaucoma
  • pregnancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which has a higher risk of dependency when used long term,

Benzos or non-benzos?

A

Benzos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which is recommended for short term use only,

Benzos or non-benzos?

A

Benzos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do benzos and non-benzos treat?

A

Anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is for short term use to treat anxiety?

A

benzodiazepines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is used to treat long term anxiety?

A
  • SSRI
  • SNRI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which is a lower risk of dependency when used long term,

Benzos or non-benzos?

A

Non-benzos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are some examples of Non-benzos?

A
  1. Bu Spar
  2. Hydroxyzine
  3. Sertraline
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the 6 classes of Antidepressants?

A
  1. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
  2. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOI)
  3. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI)
  4. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
  5. Serotonin Reuptake inhibitor/Antagonist (SRI/A)
  6. Dopamine/Norepinephrine-Reuptake Inhibitor (D/NRI)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are some examples of Benzos?

A
  1. Diazepam
  2. Lorazepam
  3. Alprazolam
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What increases levels of norepinephrine and serotonin by inhibiting their reuptake and blocking the action of acetylcholine.

A

TCAs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What inhibits the activity of Monoamine oxidase resulting in increased neuro-hormones?

A

MAOI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What increases serotonin by inhibiting neuronal uptake to CNS?

A

SSRI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are antidepressants used to treat?

A
  • Depression
  • Anxiety
  • OCD
  • Smoking cessation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are antidepressants used to treat?

A
  • Depression
  • Anxiety
  • OCD
  • Smoking cessation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What should not be taken within 14 days of MAOIs?

A

TCAs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Fluoxetine is less effective in patients who…?

A

smoke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Wellbutrin is contraindicated for patients with what?

A

seizure disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Antidepressants end in:

A
  • ine
  • one
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Pt’s should not use what herbal remedy with antidepressants?

A

St. John’s Wort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How long must patients take Antidepressants before reaching the therapeutic dose?

A

4-6 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are first line medications for depression?

A

SSRIs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is an example of a TCA antidepressant?

A

Amitriptyline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is an example of an MAOI antidepressant?

A

Nardil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is an example of a SRI/A antidepressant?

A

Trazadone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is an example of a D/NRI antidepressant?

A

Bupropion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are some examples of SSRI?

A
  • Fluoxetine
  • Sertraline
  • Paroxetine
  • Citalopram
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What blocks dopamine receptors, and alter dopamine release and turnover?

A

Antipsychotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What do antipsychotics do?

A

block dopamine receptors, alter dopamine release and turnover

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Antipsychotics are classified into what 2 categories?

A
  1. typical (1st generation)
  2. atypical (2nd generation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Phenothiazine are classified as what type of antipsychotic?

A

typical (1st gen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Which antipsychotics are newer and have fewer adverse reactions, typical or atypical?

A

atypical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Antipsychotics are used to treat what?

A

acute or chronic psychoses, accompanied by increased psychomotor activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are examples of 1st gen psychotics?

A

Haloperidol, Prochlorperazine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are examples of 2nd gen psychotics?

A

Quetiapine, Olanzapine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What are some contraindications for taking antipsychotics?

A
  1. Severely depressed
  2. Hypotension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are the 2 types of CNS stimulants?

A
  1. Amphetamines
  2. Anorexiants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

CNS stimulants work by:

A

Increasing levels of neurotransmitters in the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What are CNS stimulants used to treat?

A
  1. Narcolepsy
  2. ADHD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

When are CNS stimulants contraindicated?

A
  • Risk of dependence
  • Hypertension
  • Glaucoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

CNS stimulants should be taken when?

A

In the am 30-45min before breakfast and lunch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What are examples of Amphetamines?

A
  1. Methylphenidate
  2. Dextroamphetamine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is an example of an Anorexiants?

A

Phentermine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What reduces excitability of neurons in the brain?

A

Anticonvulsants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What are the 5 types of seizures?

A
  1. Psychomotor: aura, alterations, hallucinations
  2. Tonic-clonic: contraction/relaxation of the muscles
  3. Myoclonic: forceful musculature contraction
  4. Absence: brief loss of consciousness
  5. Epilepsy: permanent, recurrent seizures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What do anticonvulsants do?

A

decrease the incidence and severity of seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What are some contraindications for CNS Stimulants?

A
  • CNS depression
  • pregnancy
  • psychoses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What is used to treat seizures?

A

Benzodiazepines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Anticonvulsant meds end in:

A

-pam, -lam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What are some examples of Anticonvulsant meds?

A
  • Diazepam
  • Lorazepam
  • Midazolam
  • Clonazepam
  • Phenytoin
  • Ethosuximide
  • Valporic acid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What class of drug is this?

Phenothiazines act on the chemoreceptor trigger zone to inhibit nausea and vomiting.

A

Anti-emetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Dimenhydrinate, Scopolamine, and Meclizine act as antiemetic
mainly by diminishing what?

A

motion sickness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What antiemetic decreases nausea and vomiting by its effects on gastric emptying?

A

Metoclopramide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What antiemetic blocks the effects of serotonin at 5-HT3 receptor sites?

A

Ondansetron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What med works primarily by inhibiting the chemoreceptor trigger zone or by depressing the sensitivity of the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear?

A

Antivertigo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What is used for the prophylaxis or treatment of nausea or vomiting?

A

Antiemetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What is used for the treatment of vertigo?

A

Antivertigo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

adverse effects of antiemetics?

A

drowsiness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Contraindications for antiemetics:

A
  1. severe CNS depression
  2. PREGNANCY
  3. Do not use with ALCOHOL
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Examples of Antiemetics:

-zine

A

1) Phenothiazine
2) Prochlorperazine
3) Chlorpromazine
4) Metoclopramide
5) Ondansetron
6) Promethazine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Examples of Antivertigo meds:

A
  1. Meclizine
  2. Diphenhydramine
  3. Benzodiazepines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What removes the feeling or sensation (chemical changes to the nerve impulse)?

A

Anesthetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

What alleviates or relieves the pain from a patient?

A

Analgesic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What works by inhibiting transport of ions across neuronal membranes, thereby preventing initiation and conduction of normal nerve impulses.

A

Local anesthetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What works by causing neuro-inhibition and anesthesia, where the patient is dissociated from the surrounding.

A

Ketamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

What typically increases blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and cardiac output (CO) by increasing sympathetic tone.

A

ketamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What excites opioid receptors within the insular cortex, putamen, and thalamus, thereby producing analgesia?

A

Ketamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

How long does Ketamine IM take effect?

A

3-4 min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

What are utilized to produce a loss of sensation prior to minor
painful procedures?

A

Local anesthetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Ketamine can have detrimental effects in patients with?

A

ischemic heart disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Ketamine is contraindicated in patients with…

A
  • schizophrenia
  • conditions in which increase in blood pressure would be
    hazardous.
  • airway instability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

How much Ketamine is given IM for pain control?

A

20-40mg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

How much Ketamine is given IV for analgesia?

A

10-20mg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

How much Ketamine is given IV for anesthesia?

A

1-2mg/kg

92
Q

What are examples of Anesthetics?

A
  1. Lidocaine (Local)
  2. Bupivacaine (Local)
  3. Ketamine (General)
  4. Propofol (General)
  5. Etomidate (General)
93
Q

What are the 4 classes of Analgesics?

A
  1. Salicylate
  2. Non-salicylate
  3. Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS)
  4. Urinary Analgesics
94
Q

What drug works by inhibition of prostaglandins, dilates peripheral blood vessels (cools body), prolong bleeding by inhibiting aggregation of platelets?

A

Salicylates

95
Q

What are Salicylates used for?

A
  1. Pain relief
  2. Anti-pyretic
  3. Anti-inflammatory
  4. Decrease risk of myocardial infarction
  5. Prevent blood clots
96
Q

What are adverse effects for salicylates?

A
  1. Gastric upset/ bleeding
  2. May cause Reye Syndrome in children with chickenpox or influenza.
97
Q

What med may cause Reye Syndrome in children with chickenpox or influenza?

A

Aspirin

98
Q

What med is classified as both a salicylate AND an NSAID?

A

Aspirin

99
Q

What are Non-salicylates actions on the body?

A
  1. Analgesic
  2. Antipyretic
100
Q

What are non-salicylates used for?

A
  1. Pain relief
  2. Fever reducers
101
Q

Non-salicylates are contraindicated in patients with what?

A

Hepatotoxicity

102
Q

What is the maximum daily dose of Acetaminophen for adults?

A

4g

103
Q

What are examples of Non-salicylates?

A
  1. Acetaminophen
  2. Benzocaine-Menthol
104
Q

What analgesic inhibits the action of COX-1 & COX-2 which is responsible for prostaglandin synthesis?

A

NSAIDS

105
Q

What actions do NSAID have on the body?

A
  1. Anti-inflammatory
  2. Analgesic
  3. Antipyretic
106
Q

What are NSAIDS used to treat?

A
  1. Arthritis
  2. Pain relief
  3. Dysmenorrhea
  4. Fever reducer
107
Q

What NSAID is contraindicated if pt has an allergy to sulfonamides?

A

Celecoxib

108
Q

ALL NSAIDs have risk of causing increased risk of what?

A
  1. bleeding
  2. heart attack
  3. stroke
109
Q

What NSAIDS are preferred for long term use to reduce the risk of GI bleed?

A

COX-2 Selective NSAIDS

110
Q

What are 7 examples of NSAIDS?

A
  1. Ibuprofen
  2. Indomethacin
  3. Ketorolac
  4. Naproxen
  5. Celecoxib
  6. Meloxicam
  7. Aspirin
111
Q

What medication is BOTH a Salicylate and an NSAID?

A

Aspirin

112
Q

What is used to treat pain associated with a urinary tract
infection?

A

Phenazopyridine (Pyridium)

113
Q

What class of drugs:

bind to opiate receptors in the CNS, where they act as agonists of endorphins. The result is alteration to the perception of and response to pain.

A

Narcotic Analgesics

114
Q

What is a contraindication to narcotic analgesics?

A
  1. Head injury or increased ICP
  2. Hypoxia
  3. Hepatic impairment
  4. Hypersensitive to opioids or naloxone
115
Q

What are examples of opioid agonists?

A
  1. Buprenorphine
  2. Codeine
  3. Fentanyl
  4. Hydromorphone
  5. Methadone
  6. Morphine
  7. Oxycodone
  8. Hydrocodone
116
Q

What is an antagonist that acts on opioid receptors?

A

opioid antagonist

117
Q

What is a commonly used opioid antagonist drug which is a competitive antagonists that bind to the opioid receptors, effectively blocks the receptor, preventing the body from responding to opiates and endorphins.

A

Naloxone

118
Q

What is used to treat overdose of a Narcotic?

A

Naloxone

119
Q

Contraindications for using a narcotic antagonist

A
  • patients with CAD
  • pregnant women
  • opioid dependent patients.
120
Q

What is an example of an opioid antagonist?

A

Naloxone (Narcan)

121
Q

What is a chemical created in the body that produces vasodilation of arterioles and increased permeability of capillaries and venule, which allows fluid to escape into the surrounding tissue
resulting in localized swelling.

A

Histamine

122
Q

Antihistamines are divided into what 2 types?

A

H1 (1st gen)

H2 (2nd gen)

123
Q

Which antihistamine receptors work by binding to mast cells,
smooth muscle, and endothelium in the body and brain to prevent the release of histamine.

A

H¹ - antihistamines

124
Q

Which antihistamine have increase side effects such as drowsiness since they cross the blood brain barrier?

A

H1 (1st gen)

125
Q

Which antihistamines has fewer CNS side effects?

A

H2 (2nd gen)

126
Q

H¹- antihistamines are used to treat

A
  1. allergic reaction
  2. insomnia
  3. motion sickness
  4. vertigo
127
Q

What histamine receptors bind to upper gastrointestinal
tract, primarily in the stomach and used to treat gastric acid conditions. May also help with the relief of Parkinson-like reactions.

A

H² - antihistamines

128
Q

Patients taking _________ should be counseled to not operate
weapons, heavy machinery or motor vehicles while taking these medications.

A

1st generation antihistamines

129
Q

What are examples of 1st Generation Antihistamines?

(-zine)

A
  1. Diphenhydramine
  2. Hydroxyzine
  3. Promethazine
130
Q

What are examples of 2nd Generation Antihistamines?

A

1) Cetirizine HCL
2) Fexofenadine
3) Loratadine

131
Q

What class of drug:

acts by enhancing norepinephrine and epinephrine or adrenergic activity by stimulating the alpha-adrenergic receptors. This induces vasoconstriction of the blood vessels in the nose, throat, and paranasal sinuses, which results in reduced inflammation and mucus formation in these areas.

A

Decongestants

132
Q

What are the 2 active ingredients in most ingested decongestants?

A
  1. Pseudoephedrine
  2. Phenylephrine
133
Q

What drug is used for common cold, hay fever or upper respiratory allergies, sinus congestion, and pressure.

A

Decongestants

134
Q

What are examples of Decongestants?

A
  1. Pseudoephedrine
  2. Oxymetazoline HCL
  3. Phenylephrine
135
Q

What drug’s action:

Releases stimulants and reuptake inhibitors that increase the levels of endogenous catecholamine’s. Receptors are in bronchial smooth muscle and when stimulated cause relaxation (dilation) of bronchioles?

A

Beta² Agonists

136
Q

What class of drug

is used for Reversible Airway Obstruction caused by bronchospasm due to bronchial asthma, exercise-induced bronchospasm, bronchitis, emphysema, and other
Obstructive pulmonary disease.

A

Beta² Agonists

137
Q

Adverse Effects of Beta² Agonists:

A

Tachycardia

Hyperglycemia

138
Q

Contraindications for Beta blockers:

A
  • Cardiac arrhythmias
  • glaucoma.
  • Taking a Beta blocker
  • May increase blood glucose
139
Q

What are some examples of Beta² Agonists?

-buterol

A
  1. Albuterol sulfate
  2. Levalbuterol HCL
140
Q

What class of drug:

Antagonizes acetylcholine receptors, producing bronchodilation.

A

Muscarinic Antagonists

141
Q

What are Muscarinic Antagonists used for?

A
  • Asthma
  • COPD
142
Q

Examples of muscarinic antagoinst/anticholinergics:

-tropium

A

1) Ipratropium: Atrovent
2) Tiotropium: Spiriva

143
Q

What is a broncho constrictive substance released by the body during inflammation. Antagonist results in bronchodilation.

A

Leukotriene

144
Q

What inhibits the release of substances that cause bronchoconstriction and inflammation from the mast cells in the respiratory tract.

A

Mast Cell Stabilizer

145
Q

Leukotriene Antagonist and Mast Cell Stabilizers are used to treat?

A
  • Asthma
  • COPD
146
Q

Contraindications for Leukotriene Antagonist/Mast Cell Stabilizers

A
  • not for asthma attacks
  • Patients with aspirin sensitivity
147
Q

What is an example of Leukotriene Antagonist?

A

Montelukast

148
Q

What is an example of a Mast Cell Stabilizer?

A

Cromolyn

149
Q

What class of drug:

Decreases inflammatory process in the airway through inhibiting multiple different inflammatory cytokines.

A

Inhaled Corticosteroids

150
Q

Inhaled Corticosteroids treat what?

A

Asthma

chronic allergic/inflammatory conditions

151
Q

What is an adverse effect of using Inhaled Corticosteroids?

To avoid this tell the patient to…

A

Candida albicans (yeast infection)

rinse their mouth out with water after using an inhaler

152
Q

What are examples of Inhaled Corticosteroids?:

A
  1. Budesonide
  2. Fluticasone
153
Q

What is used to relieve a non-productive cough?

A

Antitussives

154
Q

What are some adverse effects of Codeine?

A

Respiratory depression, euphoria, and sedation.

155
Q

What are some examples of antitussives?

A
  1. Codeine
  2. Benzonatate
  3. Dextromethorphan
  4. Diphenhydramine
156
Q

What is a Mucolytic’s action on the body?

A

Loosens and mobilize thick mucus from respiratory system.

157
Q

What is an Expectorant’s action on the body?

A

Expell mucus from respiratory system

158
Q

Mucolytic are used to treat?

A

Bronchopulmonary diseases

159
Q

Expectorants are used to treat?

A

Common cold

160
Q

What is an example of a Mucolytic?

A

Acetylcysteine

161
Q

What is an example of an Expectorant?

A

Guaifenesin

162
Q

What do antiarrhythmics do?

A

Regulate irregular rhythm of the heart

163
Q

Which antiarrhythmic blocks potassium channels?

A

Amiodarone

164
Q

Which antiarrhythmic raises the potential threshold?

A

Lidocaine

165
Q

Which antiarrhythmic blocks beta receptor stimuli?

A

Beta blockers

166
Q

Which antiarrhythmic blocks calcium channels?

A

Calcium Channel Blockers

167
Q

What are the 4 types of antiarrhythmics?

A

Class 1: Lidocaine

Class 2: Beta Blockers

Class 3: Amiodarone

Class 4: Calcium Channel Blockers

168
Q

Cardiac arrhythmias treat arrhythmias such as:

A

1) Premature ventricular contractions (PVC)
2) Tachycardia
3) Premature atrial contractions (PAC)
4) Ventricular dysrhythmias
5) Atrial fibrillation and Atrial flutter (A-Fib)

169
Q

What are examples of antiarrhythmics?

A

Lidocaine: Xylocaine

Amiodarone: Cordarone

Beta blockers: Metoprolol

Calcium Channel Blockers: Verapamil and Diltiazem

170
Q

What drug class:

Has a direct relaxing effect on smooth muscle of blood vessels (both arterials and veins).

A

Nitrates

171
Q

What drug class is used in the treatment of angina pectoris?

A

Nitrates

172
Q

Do not give pt Nitrates if systolic BP is

A

<100

173
Q

What drug class is contraindicated for:

use with any phosphodiesterase inhibitors such as Viagra, Cialis, Levitra, or herbal supplements such as Yohimbine.

A

Nitrates

174
Q

What is a decrease in oxygen supply to the heart muscle resulting in chest pain or pressure?

A

Angina

175
Q

What is an example of a Nitrate?

A

Nitroglycerin

176
Q

What is considered an abnormal BP?

A

Systolic: <140

Diastolic: <90

177
Q

What is the regimen of care for Hypertension?

A

Step 1: Life style changes

Step: Give BP meds

Step 3: Increase does or combine 2 drugs

Step 4: Combine 2-3 drugs

178
Q

What are the 4 classes of antihypertension medications:

A
  1. ACE inhibitors, ARBs
  2. Diuretics
  3. Calcium channel blockers
  4. Beta blocker
179
Q

What drug class:

Lowers blood pressure by dilating or increasing the size of the arterial blood vessels.

A

ACE Inhibitors

180
Q

What drug class converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?

A

ACE Inhibitors

181
Q

Angiotensin II is a…

A

vasoconstrictor

182
Q

What drug class:

is used in the treatment of Hypertension and diabetic nephropathy (diabetic kidney disease)?

A

ACE I

183
Q

Consider using ARB instead of an ACE-I in African American patients due to the increased risk of

A

angioedema

184
Q

An Adverse effect of ACE Inhibitors is

A

A dry, hacking cough

185
Q

Contraindications for ACE Inhibitors:

A
  • Renal/hepatic disease
  • Electrolyte imbalance
186
Q

What are examples of ACE-Inhibitors

– pril

A
  1. Lisinopril
  2. Captopril
  3. Enalapril
  4. Ramipril
187
Q

What are examples of ARB inhibitors?

-statin

A
  1. Losartan
  2. Telmisartan
188
Q

What drug class:

acts by causing peripheral vasodilation (it inhibits calcium from getting into the muscle cells to cause contraction).

A

Calcium Channel Blockers

189
Q

What are Calcium Channel Blockers used to treat?

A
  1. HTN
  2. cardiac arrhythmias
190
Q

What are the 2 categories of CCB?

A
  1. Dihydropyridines
  2. Non-dihydropyridines
191
Q

Which CCB are potent vasodilators that have little or no
negative effect upon cardiac contractility or conduction.

Primarily used for treatment of HTN.

A

Dihydropyridines

192
Q

Which CCB are less potent vasodilators but have a greater
depressive effect on cardiac conduction and contractility.

Used for treatment of chronic stable angina, cardiac arrhythmias, and for proteinuria reduction.

A

Non-dihydropyridines

193
Q

What are examples of Dihydropyridines CCB:

-dipine

A

1) Nifedipine
2) Felodipine
3) Nicardipine
4) Amlodipine

194
Q

What are examples of Non-Dihydropyridines CCB:

A

1) Verapamil
2) Diltiazem

195
Q

What drug class:

competes with adrenergic neurotransmitters for adrenergic receptor sites.

A

Beta blockers

196
Q

What are Beta blockers used to treat?

A
  1. hypertension
  2. angina pectoris
  3. tachyarrhythmia
  4. migraines
  5. MI (prevention),
  6. glaucoma
  7. CHF
  8. hyperthyroidism
197
Q

What are contraindications of Beta blockers?

A
  1. Sinus bradycardia
  2. Heart Block
  3. Hypotension
  4. Bronchial asthma
198
Q

What are some examples of Beta blockers?

(-olol)

A
  1. Metoprolol
  2. Propanolol
  3. Atenolol
199
Q

What type of diuretic increases excretion of sodium and chloride by inhibiting the reabsorption of these ions in the distal proximal tubules and the loop of Henle.

A

Loop Diuretics

200
Q

What type of diuretic inhibit reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions in the kidney

A

Thiazide

201
Q

When are diuretics contraindicated?

A
  • glaucoma
  • cirrhosis of the liver
  • renal disease
  • hypertension
202
Q

When should you instruct patient to take diuretics?

A

early in the day to prevent nocturnal diuresis

203
Q

Patients with an allergy to _______ should not take diuretics

A

sulfa

204
Q

What is an example of a Loop diuretic?

A

Furosemide

205
Q

What is an example of a Thiazide diuretic?

A

Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)

206
Q

What inhibits an enzyme involved in cholesterol synthesis?

A

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors

207
Q

What are the most commonly prescribed antihyperlipidemics?

A

Statins

208
Q

What class of drug:

Causes reduction of blood lipids in an effort to reduce cardiovascular disease.

A

Hyperlipidemia

209
Q

What is an example of HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors?

-Statins

A

1) Atorvastatin
2) Simvastatin

210
Q

What drug class:

neutralizes or reduces the acidity of the stomach

A

Antacids

211
Q

What are Antacids used for?

A
  1. Heartburn
  2. Gastroesophageal reflux.
  3. Sour stomach
  4. Acid indigestion
  5. Peptic ulcer
212
Q

What are contraindication for taking antacids?

A

Severe abdominal pain of unknown cause

213
Q

What are examples of Antacids?

(metals)

A
  1. Aluminum hydroxide gel
  2. Magnesium hydroxide
  3. Calcium carbonate
  4. Calcium carbonate/magnesium hydroxide
  5. Sodium citrate/citric acid
214
Q

What drug class:

Inhibits the actions of histamine at histamine H² receptor cells of the stomach which then reduces the secretion of gastric acid.

A

Histamine H² Antagonist

215
Q

What are the uses of Histamine H² Antagonist?

A
  1. Ulcers
  2. Gastric hyper secretory conditions
  3. Gastroesophageal reflux
  4. Gastrointestinal bleeding
216
Q

What are examples of Histamine H² Antagonist?

-tidine

A
  1. Cimetidine
  2. Famotidine
  3. Ranitidine
217
Q

What drug class:

Suppresses gastric acid secretion by blocking the final step in the production of gastric acid be the gastric mucosa

A

Proton Pump Inhibitors

218
Q

What are the uses of Proton Pump Inhibitors?

A
  1. Ulcers
  2. GERD
  3. Heartburn
  4. H-pylori
219
Q

Proton Pump Inhibitors should be taken how long before breakfast and dinner?

A

30 to 60 minutes

220
Q

What are examples of Proton Pump Inhibitors?

-prazole

A
  1. Omeprazole
  2. Esomeprazole
  3. Pantoprazole
  4. Rabeprazole
  5. Lansoprazole
221
Q

What class of drug:

Decrease intestinal peristalsis, which is usually increased in a patient with diarrhea.

A

Antidiarrheal

222
Q

What are contraindications to Antidiarrheals?

A

Abdominal pain of unknown origin

223
Q

What is an example of an antidiarrheal?

A

Loperamide

224
Q

What class of drug:

has a defoaming action that disperses and prevents the formation of mucus-surrounded gas pockets in the intestine.

A

Anti-flatulents

225
Q

What is an example of an Anti-flatuent?

A

Simethicone

Pharmacology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions