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1 - APM (Pharmacology) > Pharmacological principles > Flashcards

Pharmacological principles Flashcards

1
Q

What is a drug

A

A chemical entity of known structure, other than a nutrient/dietary supplement, which causes a biological effect in a living organism

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2
Q

What is a medicine

A

A preparation of one or more drug, alongside other substances which is used therapeutically (treat, cure, prevent or diagnose disease)

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3
Q

How are drugs classified

A
  • Molecular structure
  • Model of action
  • Therapeutic use
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4
Q

How are drugs named

A
  • Chemical name
  • Generic name
  • Proprietary name (trade name)
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5
Q

What is pharmacology

A

The science-orientated study of drug action

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6
Q

What is toxicology

A

The study of adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms

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7
Q

What are the 2 main branches of pharmacology

A
  • Pharmacodynamics (what a drug does to the body)
  • Pharmacokinetics (what the body does to a drug)
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8
Q

What happens when the drug is administered

A
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9
Q

What is ADME

A
  • Absorption
  • Distribution
  • Metabolism
  • Excretion
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10
Q

What is the role of ADME

A
  • Absorption + Distribution are involved in the delivery of the drug to the target site
  • Metabolism + Excretion are involved in the elimination of the drug
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11
Q

What is absorption

A

Movement of drug from the site of administration to the systemic circulation (not site of action)

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12
Q

What must be done before a drug is administered

A

5 rights:
- Right patient
- Right drug
- Right dose
- Right site
- Right timing

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13
Q

What are the routes of drug administeration

A

Enteral:
- Oral
- Sublingual
- Rectal
Parenteral:
- Transdermal
- Inhalation
- Intramuscular

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14
Q

Describe oral drug administration

A
  • Most common route - good for self-dosing
  • Onset is rapid but drug must dissolve first
  • Most drugs are absorbed by small intestine which has a large surface area and good blood supply, so large quantities can be absorbed
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15
Q

Why can oral drug administration be complicated

A

First pass effect:
- Venus drainage from most of the GI tract enters the hepatic portal vein and goes to the liver
- This means the drug is metabolised, and then excreated

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16
Q

Describe intravenous (IV)

A
  • All drug reaches systemic circulation (100% bioavailable)
  • Unpleasant, high risk, requires supervision
  • Useful in emergency situations due to immediate onset
17
Q

Define pharmacodynamics

A

The study of the physiological effects of drugs on the body, the mechanisms of drug action and the relationship between drug concentration and effect

18
Q

How do drug targets work?

A

Drugs work by specifically interacting with a molecular target in order to cause/block a biological response

19
Q

What are receptors

A

Sensing elements that coordinates the function of all different cells in the body

20
Q

What is an agonist

A

A drug that activates receptors

21
Q

What is an antagonist

A

A drug that blocks receptors

22
Q

Whats the difference in the effects of an inhibitor, false substrate and a prodrug

A

Inhibitor - normal drug inhibited
False substrate - Abnormal metabolite produced
Prodrug - Active drug produced

23
Q

What happens when there is an inhibitor in a transporter

A

The transport is blocked

24
Q

What happens when there is a false substrate present

A

An abnormal compound is accumulated

25
Q

Describe the role of blockers in the ion channels

A

The permeation is blocked

26
Q

Describe the role of modulators in the ion channels

A

Increased or decreased opening probability of the channel

27
Q

What is the drug dose–response curve

A

Shows the relationship between the level of dose and level of response

28
Q

Describe how the response is a biological effect

A
  • Quantity of proportion (freq. of seizures, mortality rate)
  • Continuous measurement (blood pressure)
  • Ordered descriptive category (severity of lesion)
29
Q

Describe a semi-log dose-response curve

A
  • Curve becomes sigmoidal with a linear middle portion
  • Makes it easier to find the ED50 value
30
Q

Describe potency

A
  • The amount of drug necessary to produce a certain effect
  • The most potent drug has the lowest ED50 value with the lowest dose
31
Q

Describe efficacy

A
  • The maximum response that a given drug will produce, irrespective of the dose (Emax)
  • Greater the response, the greater the efficacy

1 - APM (Pharmacology) (5 decks)

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