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N341A Pharmacology > Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacogenetics > Flashcards

Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacogenetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is Pharmacokinetics?

A

Process of drug movement through the body that is necessary to achieve drug action.

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2
Q

What are the 4 steps in Pharmacokinetics?

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

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3
Q

Definition of Absorption in Pharmacokinetics

A

Movement of drug into the bloodstream.

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4
Q

When compared to IM injections and IV, PO drugs like enteric coating and extended release drugs get absorbed faster or slower?

A

Slower.

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5
Q

Drugs that use passive transport are absorbed more quickly or slowly when compared to active transport?

A

Quickly.

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6
Q

What is the First Pass effect?

A

Happens with PO drugs. When PO drug gets absorbed into the intestinal lumen and goes to the liver, the drug get metabolized and part of the drug turns into its inactive form and gets excreted from the kidneys.

Essentially the initial concentration of the drug gets reduced by the liver before the drug can reach into circulation.

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7
Q

What is Bioavailability?

A

The proportion of the active drug that makes it into circulation.

ie: IV medications have a 100% bioavailability because it doesn’t have to go through First Pass Effect.
ie: PO drugs may have a low bioavailability because it the First Pass Effect.

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8
Q

What is Distribution mean in Pharmacokinetics?

A

Movement of drug from the circulation to the body tissue.

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9
Q

What can affect distribution of drugs?

A

Protein Binding and Blood Brain barrier.

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10
Q

If a drug is highly protein bound, what does it mean and what correction do we have to do?

A

It means that there are less drugs being active in circulation due to being bound to proteins. So to compensate for this, a higher dosage may be needed.

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11
Q

What are some concerns with drugs with high protein binding?

A

Patients with low serum albumin and patients with multiple drugs with high protein binding should take lower dosages of the drug(s) because of the higher risk of drug toxicity due to higher amounts of active drugs in circulation.

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12
Q

What type of drugs can pass the blood brain barrier?

A

Any drugs that are highly lipid soluble.

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13
Q

What type of drugs should not be given, if possible, to pregnant mothers?

A

Any teratogenic drugs. They carry the risk of disturbing development of the fetus, embryo and can bring about congenital deformations (birth defects).

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14
Q

What does Metabolism mean in Pharmacokinetics?

A

Biotransformation = Process by which the body chemically changes drugs into a form that can be excreted.

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15
Q

What is primary organ for metabolizing drugs and what enzymes does it use?

A

Liver and Cytochrome p450 enzymes.

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16
Q

When is a Loading Dose given?

A

When the drug has a long half life, HCP may prescribe a higher first initial dosage (Loading Dose) in order to shorten the time it takes to reach steady state and achieve therapeutic benefits.

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17
Q

What is Steady State?

A

Level of drug being administered is about the same as the level of drug being eliminated.

Basically keeping a consistent drug level in the body.

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18
Q

What is excretion in Pharmacokinetics mean?

A

Elimination of drugs from the body.

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19
Q

What is the main route elimination?

A

Kidneys.

20
Q

What are some alternative route of elimination?

A

Breast milk, saliva, sweat, bile and through the lungs.

21
Q

What should lab values should we considered about when it comes to effective drug elimination?

A

Liver enzymes and BUN/Creatinine

22
Q

What does Pharmacodynamics mean?

A

The study of the effects of drugs on the body.

23
Q

What does primary and secondary response to a drug mean?

A

Primary response = Desired Effect

Secondary response = desirable or undesirable effect.

24
Q

What is the Dose Response Relationship?

A

Higher the dose of a drug, the higher the effect of the drug will be, BUT only up to a certain point. Then the effect of drug will plateau no matter how large the dose of the drug.

25
Q

What is the therapeutic index?

A

The range a drug dosage should be at between the dose of drug that produces therapeutic effect and dose of drug that would toxic to the patient.

26
Q

On average, how many half lives does it take for a drug in the body to reach steady state?

A

Four

27
Q

What does the peak drug level mean?

A

The highest plasma concentration of a drug at a specific time.

Usually drawn 30-60 minutes after administration.

28
Q

What does trough drug levels mean?

A

Lowest plasma concentration of a drug.

It measures how fast the drug is elimination.

It is drawn right before the next dose

29
Q

True or False. The activity of most drugs is determined by the ability of the drug to bind to a specific receptor?

A

True.

30
Q

True or False. The better the drug fits, the more active the receptor site?

A

True.

31
Q

What does non-specific drugs mean?

A

Drugs that can affect multiple receptor sites.

ie: a drug can only affect the same receptor (ie: Cholinergic receptor) that are on multiple sites like the eyes, heart, lungs and bladder.

32
Q

What does non-selective drugs mean?

A

Drugs that affect multiple receptors.

ie: a drug that can affect different receptors like Alpha 1, Beta 1 and Beta 2 receptors.

33
Q

What are some general types of MOA?

A

Stimulation, depression, irritation, replacement (ie: hormones), Cytotoxic action, antimicrobial action, modification of immune status.

34
Q

What does Adverse Drug reactions mean?

A

Unintentional, unexpected reactions to drug therapy that occur at normal dosages.

Can be mild to life threatening.

35
Q

True or False. All drugs have side effects.

A

True.

36
Q

Almost all drugs will have what kind of side effects?

A

N/V and Diarrhea

37
Q

What does drug toxicity mean?

A

Drug levels in the body exceed a therapeutic range.

Can be secondary to overdose or due to drug accumulation.

38
Q

What is Pharmacogenetics?

A

Study of genetic factors that influence an individual’s response to a specific drug.

39
Q

What is Tachyphylaxis?

A

rapidly diminishing response to successive doses of a drug, rendering it less effective. This can happen after the first dosage.

40
Q

The highest potential for abuse of drugs with accepted medical use is found in what schedule?

A

II. Going to Schedule I means its highly addictive with no accepted medical use.

41
Q

What nursing action is most appropriate for ensuring patient safety with a medication that has a low therapeutic index?

A

Monitoring their serum peak and tough levels.

42
Q

If a patient has liver and kidney disease, should we expect the duration of the half life of their medication to increase or decrease?

A

Increase

43
Q

Once a therapeutic steady state is achieved, what must be done in order to monitor the therapeutic drug?

A

Measuring the peak and trough drug levels at indicated times.

44
Q

Difference between additive and synergistic drug effects?

A

Additive means effect of two chemicals is equal to the sum of the effect of the two chemicals taken separately.

Synergistic means the combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of each drug’s individual activity.

45
Q

What is the most common food involved in drug-nutrient interaction?

A

Grapefruit.

46
Q

What are drug-lab interactions?

A

Occurs when a drug interferes with chemical reactions/ enzyme reactions which then causes for false lab readings and diagnoses.

47
Q

What are drug-induced photosensitivity?

A

Some times drugs have an adverse effect of photosensitivity to the patients. Tell them to put sunscreen on and avoid direct sunlight.

N341A Pharmacology (7 decks)

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