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N341A Pharmacology > Analgesic > Flashcards

Analgesic Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four classes of Analgesic drugs?

A

1) Nonopioid Analgesics
2) Opioid Analgesics
3) Opioid Agonist-Antagonist
4) Opioid Antagonists

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2
Q

What are the prototype drugs for each class of Analgesic drugs?

A

1) NSAIDS & Acetaminophen (Nonopioid analgesics)
2) Morphine Sulfate (opioid analgesics )
3) Nalbuphine (opioid agonist-antagonist)
4) Naloxone (opioid antagonist)

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3
Q

What is pain?

A

Unpleasant sensory and/or emotional experience due to tissue injury.

Pain is subjective.

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4
Q

What is the nurse’s role when it comes to patient experiencing pain?

A

Assess the patient’s pain level

alleviate pain with both nonpharmacological and pharmacological methods.

Document pain response

Teach patients how to manage their pain.

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5
Q

Pain threshold vs. Pain tolerance

A

Pain threshold is the amount of stimulus needed to induce a painful experience.

Pain tolerance is level of pain that a patient can tolerate without affecting their normal functioning.

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6
Q

What is the purpose of analgesics and what are the two main types?

A

1) To relieve pain

2) Nonopioid and opioid analgesics.

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7
Q

What are the 4 classifications of Pain?

A

1) acute
(sudden onset but short duration (about 3 months at most)

2) Chronic
(gradual onset but longer duration)

3) Nociceptors
(peripheral sensory receptors for pain, detects extremes in temp, pressure, and injury related chemicals)
4) Neuropathic
(Damage to the nervous system, neuropathic pain causes abnormal sensations like burning or tingling. )

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8
Q

Can undertreatment of pain cause harm to almost all organs in the body?

A

Yes

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9
Q

Is it realistic to reach a pain level goal of 0?

A

No. Aim for the patient’s level to be low enough that the pain wouldn’t affect the patient’s normal function.

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10
Q

What adverse effect are most concerned about for Acetaminophen?

A

Hepatotoxicity, elevated liver enzyme.

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11
Q

What is the contraindication for acetaminophen?

A

Alcohol abuse, hepatic disease.

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12
Q

What is the antidote for acetaminophen?

A

Acetylcysteine

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13
Q

What is the MOA of Acetaminophen?

A

Weak inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, inhibition of hypothalamic heat-regulator center.

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14
Q

What is acetaminophen used for?

A

To decrease pain and fever.

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15
Q

Are nonopioid analgesics more potent than opioids?

A

No

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16
Q

What do we use nonopioid analgesics for?

A

Mild to moderate pain.

Effective for dull, throbbing pain of headaches, dysmenorrhea, inflammation, minor abrasions, muscular aches, etc.

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17
Q

What are opioid analgesics used for?

A

For moderate to severe pain.

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18
Q

What does opioid mainly act on?

A

CNS

19
Q

What are the basic functions of opioid analgesics?

A

Suppresses Pain, Respiratory drive, and cough center in medulla.

20
Q

What is the MOA of Morphine?

A

Depression of CNS, depression of pain impulses by binding with opiate receptors in CNS

21
Q

When do we use morphine?

A

For moderate to severe pain.

22
Q

What are the adverse reactions to Morphine?

A

Hypotension, urticarial (rashes/Itching), seizures, ileus, psychological dependence, respiratory depression.

23
Q

What is the opioid antagonist of Morphine?

A

Naloxone.

24
Q

Can we use Morphine at any dosage and duration?:

A

No, due to psychological dependence we only use morphine at the smallest dosage that would produce a therapeutic effect and for shortest duration possible.

25
Q

What is the benefit of Combination Analgesics?

A

Helps decrease drug dependency by only using smaller doses of each drug component.

26
Q

What do we combine for Combination analgesics?

A

NSAID and opioid.

ie: Ibuprofen and hydrocodone
ie: Acetaminophen and codeine.

27
Q

What is Patient-Controlled Analgesia?

A

Self-administered pain relief.

28
Q

What drug is the most common PCA medication?

A

Morphine

29
Q

Should anyone else press the button on a PCA besides the patient?

A

NO

30
Q

What are transdermal opioid analgesics?

A

Medication that provides continuous, around-the-clock pain control .

It takes in a form of a skin patch.

31
Q

Is acute pain appropriate for Transdermal Opioid Analgesic?

A

NO

32
Q

What medication is a common transdermal opioid analgesic?

A

Fentanyl.

33
Q

What should be avoided when using a transdermal opioid analgesic?

A

Applying heat directly to patch will increase absorption rate and may lead to overdose.

Do not put any tape over the transdermal opioid analgesic because the tape can alter the absorption rate.

34
Q

Patients with substance use disorder should have their medication withdrawn in order to cure their addiction. True or false?

A

False

35
Q

Do substance use disorder patients need a smaller, regular , or a larger dose of opioids to control their pain?

A

Larger

36
Q

What medication can help with withdrawal syndrome from substance use disorder patients?

A

Opioid agonist-antagonist medications.

37
Q

What is the MOA of Nalbuphine?

A

Inhibits pain impulses transmitted in the CNS by binding with opiate receptors and increasing pain threshold.

38
Q

What are the adverse reactions from Nalbuphine?

A

Bradycardia, tachycardia, hypotension, hypertension, dyspnea

39
Q

What do we use Nalbuphine for?

A

To decrease opioid abuse.

40
Q

Do we use Nalbuphine on cancer patients pain?

A

No, due to possible CNS toxicity from the high dosage of Nalbuphine required to produce a therapeutic effect.

41
Q

What is the MOA of Naloxone?

A

Blocks the effects of narcotics by competing for receptor sites.

42
Q

What are the therapeutic effects of Naloxone?

A

Treat respiratory depression caused by narcotics, narcotic overdose.

43
Q

What are the adverse reactions of Naloxone?

A

Nausea and vomiting (N/V), sweating, tachycardia, elevated blood pressure.

44
Q

What life threatening effect from Naloxone should be observed for?

A

AV Fibrillation, and pulmonary edema (PE)

N341A Pharmacology (7 decks)

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