Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Pharmacogenetics > Flashcards

Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Pharmacogenetics Flashcards

1
Q

American Nurses Association (ANA) code of ethics

A

Developed as a guide for carrying out nursing responsibility in a manner consistent with quality in nursing care and the ethical obligations of the profession

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

American Nurses Association (ANA) code of ethics

A

Founded on the principles first identified by Florence Nightingale

Who believed that a nurse’s ethical duty was first and foremost to care for the patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pharmacokinetics phase and pharmacodynamics

A

Two phase a drug goes through once administered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pharmacokinetics (four phases)

A

The process of drug movement throughout the body that is necessary to achieve drug action

Four phases: (1) Absorption

                      (2) Distribution
                      (3) Metabolism (bio transformation)
                      (4) Excretion (elimination)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Drug administration

A

Movement of the drug into the bloodstream after administration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Dissolution

A

The process of disintegrated particles combining with a liquid to form a solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does the body utilize drugs taken by mouth (enteral)

A

Dissolution of the drug and absorption from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract into the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which drugs do not pass through the GI tract

A

Parenteral drugs such as eye drops, ear drops, nasal sprays, respiratory inhalants, transdermal drugs and sublingual drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Excipients

A

Fillers and inert substances such as simple syrup, vegetable gums, aromatic powder, honey and various elixirs, used in drug preparation to allow the drug to take on a particular size and shape to enhance drug dissolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Drug disintegration

A

Breakdown of and oral drug into smaller particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Rate of dissolution

A

The time it takes the drug to disintegrate and dissolve to become available for the body to absorb it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which drug form is more rapidly available for GI absorption

A

Liquids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What type of fluid both disintegrate and absorb drugs the fastest

A

Acidic fluids with a pH of 1 or 2 rather than in alkaline fluids (those with a pH greater than 7)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why is drug absorption for those drugs absorbed primarily in the stomach slower in the very young and older adults

A

Both have less gastric acidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What type of drugs must not be crushed

A

Enteric coated (EC) drugs tablets or capsules and sustained release (beaded) capsules should not be crushed because crushing alters the place and time of absorption of the drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What type of drug resist disintegration in the stomach’s gastric acid

A

Enteric coated (EC) drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where does disintegrated of enteric coated (EC) drug occur

A

Alkaline environment of the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Enteric coated (EC) drugs may be delayed in onset because

A

They remain in the stomach for a longer time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why is food or fluids sometimes given with some drugs

A

Because some drugs irritate the gastric mucosa, so it may be necessary to dilute the drug concentra-
tion and provide protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do most oral (enteral) drugs enter the bloodstream

A

Following absorption across the mucosal lining of the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are villi?

A

Fingerlike protrusions covering the epithelial lining of the small intestine that increase the surface area available for absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Drug absorption can be reduced

A

If the villi are decreased in number because of disease, drug effect, or the removal of some or all of the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does drug absorption across the mucosal lining of the small intestine occur

A

Passive transport, active transport or pinocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Through what two processes does passive trans-

port occur

A

Diffusion and facilitated diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How does diffusion occur

A

Movement of particles across the cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How does facilitated diffusion occur

A

Relies on a carrier (protein to move the drug) from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Is energy required for passive transport across the membrane

A

No energy required

28
Q

How does active transport occur

A

Requires a carrier (protein or enzyme to move the drug) from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration

29
Q

Is energy required for active transport across the membrane

A

Yes energy is required

30
Q

What is pinocytosis

A

A process by which cells carry a particle (drug) across their membrane by engulfing the particles in a vesicle

31
Q

What is the composition of the mucous membrane that lines the GI tract

A

Lipids (fat) and protein

32
Q

What type of drugs are able to pass rapidly through the mucous membrane

A

Lipid soluble drugs

33
Q

What type of drugs need a carrier, either an enzyme or protein to pass through the mucous membrane

A

Water soluble drugs

34
Q

Define nonionized

A

Having no positive or negative charge

35
Q

How can large particles able to pass through the mucous membrane

A

If they are nonionized

36
Q

What type of drugs are absorbed faster than water soluble and ionized drugs across the mucous membrane

A

Drugs that are fat soluble and nonionized

37
Q

What can affect drug absorption

A

(1) Blood flow (poor circulation to the stomach as a result of shock,
vasoconstrictor drugs, or disease hampers absorption)
(2) Pain
(3) Stress
(4) Hunger
(5) Fasting
(6) Food ( that are solid, hot, or high in fat can slow gastric emptying time, so
drugs remove in the stomach longer)
(7) pH

38
Q

What is the fastest route for drugs given via injection

A

Intramuscularly (in muscle that have increased blood flow e.g deltoid)

39
Q

Which drug administration has a more rapid and predictable rate of absorption compared to oral drug administration

A

Drugs administered subcutaneously

40
Q

Why is drug absorption slower when administered rectally

A

Because the rectum is smaller than the stomach, and it has no villi, additionally the composition of the suppository base (fatty bases or water soluble bases) affects drug absorption

41
Q

What is the absorption route of oral drugs from the GI tract

A

They pass through the intestinal lumen to the liver via the portal vein

42
Q

What is pass effect or first pass metabolism

A

In the liver some drugs are metabolized to an inactive form and are excreted, thus reducing the amount of active drug available to exert a pharmacologic effect

43
Q

What is bioavailability

A

Refers to the percentage of administered drug available for activity

44
Q

How is the bioavailability of oral drugs affected

A

By absorption and first pass metabolism (bioavailability of oral drugs always less than 100% and varies based on the rate of first pass metabolism)

45
Q

What drug route of administration has the greatest bioavailability

A

Intravenous (IV) drugs is 100%

46
Q

What are factors that alter bioavailability

A

(1) Drug form (such as tablet, capsules, sustained release beads, liquid,
transdermal patch, suppository, or inhalation
(2) Route of administration (enteral, topical, parenteral)
(3) Gastric mucosa and motility
(4) Administration with food and other drugs
(5) Changes in liver metabolism (caused by liver dysfunction or decrease in
hepatic blood flow

47
Q

How does decrease in liver function or inadequate hepatic blood flow affect bioavailability of drugs metabolized by the liver

A

Increases the bioavailability of a drug, less drug is destroyed by hepatic metabolism in the presence of liver disorder

48
Q

What is drug distribution

A

The movement of the drug from the circulation to body tissues

49
Q

What influences drug distribution

A

(1) Rate of blood flow to the tissue
(2) drug’s affinity to the tissue
(3) protein binding

50
Q

What happens as drugs are distributed in the plasma

A

Many bind with plasma proteins (albumin, lipoprotein, and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein(AGP))

51
Q

Which drugs bind with albumin or lipoproteins

A

Acidic drugs such as aspirin and methotrexate, and neutral drugs such as nortriptyline

52
Q

Which drugs bind with alpha-1-acid-glycoprotein (AGP)

A

Basic drugs such as morphine and amantadine

53
Q

What are high protein-bound drugs

A

Drugs that are more than 90% bound to protein e.g. warfarin, glyburide, sertraline, furosemide, and diazepam

54
Q

What are weakly protein-bound drugs

A

Drugs that are less than 10% bound to protein e.g. gentamycin, metformin, metoprolol, and lisinopril

55
Q

What are free drugs

A

The portion of a drug that remains unbound to protein and is free and active, able to exit blood vessels and reach their site of action causing a pharmacologic response

56
Q

Factors which may alter binding drugs

A

(1) The administration of two highly protein-bound drugs together, they
compete for protein-binding sites, leading to an increase in free drug
being released into the circulation (e.g. warfarin 99% protein-bound and
furosemide 95% protein-bound)
(2) Low plasma levels, which potentially decrease the number of available bind-
ing sites and can lead to an increase in the amount of free drug available,
resulting in drug accumulation and toxicity

57
Q

Which patients are more likely to have significantly lower serum albumin levels

A

Patients with liver or kidney disease, those who are malnourished, and older adults who are more likely to be hypoalbuminemia, particularly if having multiple chronic illnesses

Important for nurse to check these patient’s protein and albumin levels when administering drugs

58
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier (BBB)

A

Special endothelial lining of the blood vessels in the brain where the cells are pressed tightly together (tight junctions)

59
Q

What does the blood-brain barrier (BBB) do

A

Protects the brain from foreign substances, which includes about 98% of the drugs on the market

60
Q

What types of drugs are able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) through diffusion

A

Some drugs that are highly lipid soluble and of low molecular weight (e.g. benzodiazepines), and others via transport proteins

61
Q

What types of drugs are not able to cross the blood-brain barrier

A

Water soluble drugs (e.g. atenolol and penicillin) and free drugs (drugs that are not bound to transport proteins)

62
Q

During pregnancy how can drugs affect both the fetus and the mother

A

Drugs can cross the placenta much as they across other membranes
(1) Drugs taken during the first trimester can lead to spontaneous abort-
ion
(2) Drugs taken during the second trimester can lead to spontaneous abortion,
teratogenesis, or other subtler defects
(3) Drugs taken during the third trimester ma alter fetal growth and development

63
Q

What must nurses teach women who are breastfeeding and the use of drugs

A

To consult their healthcare provider prior to taking any drug - whether over the counter (OTC) or prescribed - or any herb or supplement

64
Q

What is metabolism or biotransformation

A

The process by which the body chemically changes drugs into a form that can be excreted

65
Q

What part of the body is the primary site of metabolism

A

Liver

66
Q

What is cytochrome P450 or the P450 system, and what does it do

A

Liver enzymes are drug-metabolizing enzymes that convert drugs to metabolites

Pharmacology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions