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Intro to Pharmacology > Pharmacokinetics: Drug-Specific Application > Flashcards

Pharmacokinetics: Drug-Specific Application Flashcards

1
Q

A free drug enters the systemic circulation how?

and can be eliminated how?

A

absorption

metabolism or excretion

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2
Q

Equation for bioavailability?

A

Amount of drug reaching systemic circulation / quantity of drug administered

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3
Q

In linear/first order kinetics how is drug eliminated?

A

Serum concentration changes are proportional to drug dosing changes
Constant proportion of drug is eliminated

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4
Q

In nonlinear/zero order kinetics how is drug eliminated?

A

Constant amount of drug is eliminated

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5
Q

What does therapeutic drug monitoring allow us to do?

3

A

Optimize clinical response

Avoid toxicity

Assess patient compliance

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6
Q

What is a peak?

A

Maximum drug concentration (Cmax)

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7
Q

When do we measure peaks?

and why?

A

Measured 30 – 60 min after end of infusion (allows time for tissue distribution)

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8
Q

What is a trough?

A

Minimum drug concentration (Cmin)

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9
Q

When do we measure troughs?

A

Measured immediately (

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10
Q

What is Phenytoin (Dilantin®):?

A

Anticonvulsant in central nervous system (CNS) for treatment and prevention of seizure

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11
Q

What is Phenytoin (Dilantin®) mehanism of action?

3

A
  1. Na+ channel antagonist
  2. Slows Na+ channel recovery from inactivated state to resting/closed state
  3. Stabilizes neuronal membranes which decreases seizure activity
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12
Q

What is the bioavailability of phenytoin?

A

90-100%

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13
Q

In phenytoin time to peak increases with what?

ex?

A

larger doses

400 mg, 800 mg, and 1600 mg ER caps peak at 8, 13, 30 hours, respectively

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14
Q

What are the distributions characteristics of phenytoin?

A

Its lipid soluable

and highly protein bound (lower in neonates and infants than adults)

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15
Q

What is the half life of phenytoin?

A

oral: 22 hrs but highly variable
IV: 10-15 hrs

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16
Q

When is the steady state reached of phenytoin?

A

4-6 half lives

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17
Q

How is phenytoin cleared?

A

Capacity limited hepatic metabolism

NOT BY THE KIDNEYS

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18
Q

What kind of kinetics does phenytoin follow?

A

Michaelis-Menten kinetics

-Zero order when concentration >4 mg/L in adults, higher in younger and older populations

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19
Q

What are the risks with loading doses in phenytoin?
2

What happens when you give the max dose quicker than slower?

A

Bradycardia
Hypotension
associated with rapid infusion of either oral or IV product
-If you give it quicker (max dose) you will most likely have these side effects than over a longer period of time

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20
Q

What are the benefits of a maintenance dose of phenytoin in children?
2

A

Minimizes plasma concentration fluctuations and gastrointestinal disturbances

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21
Q

Whats the therapeutic range of phenytoin?

A

10-20mg/L

50% respind at 10mg/L

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22
Q

Phenytoin side effects?

3

A
  • Nystagmus
  • CNS depression
  • Commonly includes ataxia and impaired motor function
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23
Q

What serum phenytoin concentration would you aim for?

A

15 mg/L

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24
Q

When do we give maintence doses for phenytoin?

A

At the trough (at the minimum drug concentration)

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25
Q

Phenytoin is a strong inducer of CYP enzymes. What does this effect?

A

It makes the enzyme more active (work more) thus breaking down more drug = less drug in your blood

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26
Q

If you have hepatic disease and you are taking phenytoin what are the effects?
2

A
  1. If you have hepatic disease if you don’t have the enzymes working then you more have an inhibitory effect. There’s going to be more drug in your system that isn’t being broken down
  2. Phenytoin wont be eliminated with hepatic disease = toxic effects and no elimination of drugs.
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27
Q

Can you still give someone with hepatic disease phenytoin?

A

Depending on how severe the hepatic disease is you could still give a reduced dose but if its severe you cant give it.

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28
Q

If you have renal failure and you are taking phenytoin what are the effects?

A

Renal failure doesn’t really matter because its not cleared by the kidneys

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29
Q

Why does phenytoin have the potential for many drug interactions?

A

highly protein bound and a strong inducer of CYP enzymes

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30
Q

How is phenytoin metabolized?

A

Saturable metabolism

Michaelis-Menten

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31
Q

Where do we want its serum concentrations to be and would we want to monitor it closely or do we not need to?

A

10 – 20 mg/L
NEED to monitor sreum concentrations
-low therapuetic index

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32
Q

What kind of medications are Gentamicin/Tobramycin?

A

Aminoglycoside antibiotics

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33
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Gentamicin/Tobramycin?

A

It binds to a ribosomal subunitand disrupts bacteral protein synthesis

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34
Q

What are the primary dosage forms for Gentamicin/Tobramycin?

A

injection

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35
Q

Absorption of Gentamicin/Tobramycin?

A

poor orally

100% for IV/IM

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36
Q

Distribution characteristics of Gentamicin/Tobramycin?

5

A
  1. highly hydrophilic and located primarily in the extracellular fluid
  2. High concentration in renal cortex
  3. Poor CNS penetration
  4. Vd- higher in younger ages
  5. Protein binding low
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37
Q

Who has a higher Vd?

Phenytoin or Gentamicin/Tobramycin?

A

phenytoin

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38
Q

Why do Gentamicin/Tobramycin have poor CNS penetration?

A

its hydrophilic (water soluble)

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39
Q

Why does Gentamicin/Tobramycin have a higher Vd in children and neonates?

A

children are composed of more water and Gentamicin/Tobramycin are hydrophilic

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40
Q

How is Gentamicin/Tobramycin metabolized?

A

It isnt. Its completely dependant on kidney function/GFR

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41
Q

How is Gentamicin/Tobramycin excreted?

A

Through normal renal function

90-95% is eliminated in 24 hours

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42
Q

What does MIC stand for?

A

minimum inhibitory concentration

-how much antibiotic is required to inhibit growth in a test tube

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43
Q

What does AUC stand for?

A

area under the curve (amount of drug given)

44
Q

Bactericidal activity dependents on what in Gentamicin/Tobramycin?

A

drug concentration

45
Q

In Gentamicin/Tobramycin what correlates with efficacy?

A

peak concentration/ MIC

46
Q

How do we usually dose Gentamicin/Tobramycin?

A

Larger doses, longer intervals

47
Q

What are nomograms based on and what are they used to dose?

A

Dosing based on weight and adjustments based on a chart.

Used to dose Aminoglycosides (Gentamicin/Tobramycin)

48
Q

What does the Baysian model of doing based on?

2

A

Computer model of normal population parameters

Dosing/adjustments based on clinical circumstances

49
Q

What do the peaks in Gentamicin/Tobramycin correlate with?

A

Correlate with efficacy

Not typically drawn with extended interval dosing

50
Q

Why do we look at troughs for Gentamicin/Tobramycin?

A

To monitor toxicity (so that we see how how they are eliminating it and if we can give the next dose)

51
Q

What is Ototoxicity?

A

toxicity to the ear

52
Q

What are the symptoms of Ototoxicty?

A

Vestibular & cochlear damage

Hearing loss, tinnitus, loss of balance/ataxia

53
Q

What is the pathology related to of Ototoxicity?

2

A

related to sustained high concetrations Gent and Tob

Its irreversible

54
Q

What is Nephrotoxicity?

A

toxicity to the kidneys

55
Q

What are the symptoms of Nephrotoxicity?

3

A

Acute kidney injury due to acute tubular necrosis
This can occur with usual dosing
Is reversible

56
Q

What are some risk factors for nephrotoxicity?

A
  1. prolonged duration of therapy, 2. advanced age,
  2. sepsis/decreased renal perfusion,
  3. other nephrotoxic drugs
57
Q

When do we monitor/draw for troughs?

A

Immediately prior to the next dose

58
Q

When do we monitor/draw for peaks?

A

30 minutes following the end of infusion (after 4-5 half-lives)

59
Q

When do we only monitor for Gentamicin/Tobramycin?

A

Drug monitoring only done for IM or IV

60
Q

What are Gentamicin/Tobramycin’s distribution characteristics?

A

Hydrophilic (low Vd)

61
Q

What is Gentamicin/Tobramycin’s elimination characteristics directly related to?

A

GFR

62
Q

What is Gentamicin/Tobramycin’s efficacy related to?

A

Cmax (peak)/MIC ratio

63
Q

And what are the different dosing options for gent/tobo?

A

Extended interval dosing

Traditional dosing

64
Q

How do we monitor serum concentrations for gent/tobo?

A

Troughs (routinely)

Peaks (traditional dosing, individualized dosing)

65
Q

What kind of drug is vancomycin?

A

Glycopeptide antibiotic

66
Q

What is vanco’s mechanism of action?

A

Binds to bacterial cell to cause cell lysis

67
Q

What kind of infections is it reserved for?

A

Resistant ones

MRSA

68
Q

Best form of dosage for vanco?

A

injection

69
Q

Vanco distribution characteristics?

2

A

Widely distributed in tissues except for the CNS

Moderate protein binding at 50%

70
Q

How is vanco metabolized?

A

its not

71
Q

What is vancos half life?

A

5-11 hours with adults. much longer with renal impairment

72
Q

How is vanco excreted?

A

IV: Through urine (80-90% unchanged drug)

Orally through the feces

73
Q

What is oral vanco only used for?

A

C. Diff

74
Q

What is the bactericidal activity of vancomycin dependent on?

A

Time

75
Q

What does efficacy correlate with in vancomycin?

A

AUC (amount of drug) /MIC (how much it takes to inhibit growth in a test tube)

76
Q

What is vancomycin’s interval dosing based on?

A

renal function (creatinine clearance)

77
Q

What do we monitor to ensure efficacy in vancomycin?

A

troughs

78
Q

Do we monitor peaks in Vanco?

A

no,

No definitive relationship between peak/trough concentrations and toxicity/response

79
Q

What is Redman’s syndrome related to in vanco and what does it cause?

A

related to infusion rate
causes hypotension
and Erythematous rash

80
Q

What is ototoxicty related to in vanco and what does it cause?

A

Its proportional to amount of drug given & duration of therapy
causes are tinnitus and vertigo

81
Q

Vanco can also causes nephrotoxicity

A

Acute kidney injury

82
Q

What do we measure for drug monitoring in vanco?

3

A

Troughs
Immediately prior to next dose
which we want to give about 4-5 half lives after the initial doses and dosage changes
We rarely monitor for peaks

83
Q

When is the only time we monitor Vanco?

A

when its given via injection

84
Q

Elimination in vanco is directly related to what?

A

GFR

85
Q

What is efficacy related to in vanco?

A

AUC/MIC

86
Q

How do we monitor serum concentrations in vanco?

A

troughs

87
Q

What kind of drug is warfarin?

2

A

Anticoagulant

Vitamin K antagonist

88
Q

What is warfarin mechanism of action?2

A

inhibits vitamin K enzymes in liver and decreases syntheis of clotting factors

89
Q

What is the primary dosage form in warfarin?

A

oral tablets

90
Q

What are warfarin’s absorption characteristics?

A

rapid and complete

91
Q

What is warfarins distribution characteristics?

A

High Vd

High protein binding affinity 99%

92
Q

How is warfarin metabolized?

A

Hepatically metabolized by CYP enzymes

93
Q

What is warfarins half life?

A

40 hrs (large range of 20-60 hrs)

94
Q

How is warfarin excreted?

A

Through the urine (92% metabolites)

95
Q

Can warfarin be taken during pregnancy?

A

No!

Category X drug

96
Q

How do we monitor warfarin?

A

The time in seconds it takes to form a clot or prothrombin times

97
Q

Why must be overlap another anticoagulant with warfarin for the first 5 days?

A

Because decreased protein C and S initally make the patient hypercoaguable (abnoramally increased tendency to blood clot)

98
Q

Warfarin is CYP mediated. If CYP is induced what will happen? What if it is inhibited?

A 
induced= less warfarin in the body
inhibited= more warfarin in the body
99
Q

Warfarin is vitamin K mediated. What are the considerations we have to deal with?

A

Should not eat excessive amounts of green leafy vegetables. We would have to tailor the dose of warfarin to fit their diet and make sure they are consistant with their eating habits

100
Q

Why is hitting the therapeutic range so important in warfarin?

A

Because the side effects for too much or too little warfarin are on opposite side of the spectrum. With too little you get clotting and with too much you get excessive bleeding

101
Q

How long does it take for warfarin to reach a steady state?

A

5 days

102
Q

Why does warfarin capable of having a lot of drug interactions?
3

A

CYP-mediated
Protein binding
Vitamin K containing drugs/foods

103
Q

How does phenytoin affect warfarin?

A

decreases serum concentration of warfarin

IT IS NOT GIVEN SPECIFICALLY TO INDUE OTHER DRUGS

104
Q

What would happen if hepatic failure occurred in a patient that kept taking phenytoin?

A

build up of drug

could reach toxic levels

105
Q

Vancomycin:
Efficacy?
bactericidal activity?

When does the optimal response occur?

A

Efficacy: trough
AUC/MIC

Time-dependent bactericidal activity:
i.e. it’s the time that the serum concentration remain above the MIC

The optimal response occurs when the time of the drug remain above the MIC >50% of the dosing interval

106
Q

Aminoglycoside:
Efficacy?
Bactericidal activity?

When does the optimal response occur?

Why do we measure the troughs in Aminoglycoside?

A

Efficacy: peak
Peak/MIC

Concentration-dependent bactericidal activity

The optimal response occurs when the concentrations are >10x the MIC

toxicity

Intro to Pharmacology (6 decks)

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