Pharmacodynamics I Flashcards

1
Q

Differentiate between a biological receptor and a binding site.

A

RECEPTOR - capable of initiating a response when interacting with drug or endogenous substance

BINDING SITE - can interact with substances but does NOT initiate a response (ex: albumin)

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2
Q

What is the relationship between dose and receptor occupation? What is the relationship between dose and response?

A
  1. increases in dose => increased FO asymptotically (non-linearly, levels off near a maximum)
    - receptor occupancy increases from 1-91% over 3Kds
  2. increases in dose => positive increase in response, but not linearly
    - increases in response can also be reached with agonists acting on a small # of receptors
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3
Q

Outline the main phases of drug action.

A
  1. pharmaceutical phase - dissolution of active substance; ready for absorption
  2. PK phase - ADME; biological availability
  3. PD phase - drug-receptor interaction in target tissue => effect
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4
Q

Define drug. What factors affect biological availability?

A

drug - anything that has an effect on living processes
- most drugs (but not all) bind to a receptor

bioavailability is determined by:

  • dose
  • drug
  • selectivity
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5
Q

What is the clinical effectiveness of a drug dependent on?

A

Emax
NOT ED50
because…ED50 is the dose required to reach 50%Emax
Even if a drug is more potent (lower ED50), if it has a lower Emax….that ED50 eq

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6
Q

Construct and compare dose response curves for the following:

  • full agonist
  • partial agonist
  • neutral antagonist
  • negative antagonist (inverse)
A

FULL - intrinsic activity = 1
- causes maximal activation of a receptor
PARTIAL - intrinsic activity

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7
Q

Define Kd.

A
Kd = [D][R]/[DR]
Kd = K2/K1

Kd = the drug concentration at which the drug is bound to 50% of the receptor population (ex: if Kd = 2, # of receptors = 100, then at D = 2, FO = 50%)

Kd ~ 1/affinity (higher Kd = lower DR = lower affinity; lower Kd = higher DR = higher affinity)

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8
Q

What parameters determine total # of receptors occupied by a drug? How does this relate to magnitude of response?

A
  1. fraction of receptor population occupied (FO)
  2. # of receptors in a tissue

Magnitude of response will be directly related to total # of receptors occupied

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9
Q

Define drug selectivity. What is its relationship to dose? Define selectivity window.

A

Most drugs have comparable affinity for a multitude of receptors
SELECTIVITY - drug’s ability to interact with only one type of receptor vs others
- as dose increases, selectivity decreases
SELECTIVITY WINDOW - concentration of drug that will allow selectivity for a particular receptor

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10
Q

Define simple occupancy theory.

A

predicted 1:1 relationship between dose and response (increase dose…increase response)

  • magnitude of response is directly proportional to # of receptors occupied
  • maximum response obtained when 100% receptors occupied
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11
Q

Define modified occupancy theory.

A
  • magnitude of response is a positive (increase) function of receptor occupancy, but not linear
  • able to reach maximum occupancy with an agonist binding to a small number of receptors
  • different drugs have a varying capacity to reach response
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12
Q

Define modified occupancy theory.

A
  • magnitude of response is a positive (increase) function of receptor occupancy, but not linear
  • able to reach maximum occupancy with an agonist binding to a small number of receptors
  • different drugs have a varying capacity to reach response
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13
Q

Define efficacy.

A

aka maximal efficacy; intrinsic activity

  • determined from dose-response curve
  • limit of the curve on the y-axis (where it plateaus)
  • ability of a drug to elicit a response
  • affected by # receptors occupied, ability of drug to activate receptor once bound, status of target tissue
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14
Q

Define potency.

A

drug concentration (dose) needed to reach 50% maximal efficacy (ED50)

  • depends on affinity and ability to elicit a response
  • relative potency can be determined by comparing ED50s of full agonists and partial agonists
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15
Q

Why is maximal efficiency used to determine clinical effectiveness of a drug?

A
  • if 2 drugs have the same Emax, they have the same level of effect. Therefore, you would choose a drug based on potency, toxicity, individualized pharmacy.
  • if drug A has a higher Emax than drug B, you would choose drug A because it will have the most effect regardless of the dose. If drug B is more potent it doesn’t matter because it will never reach the efficacy of drug A.
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16
Q

Describe the different pharmacological and non-pharmacological mechanisms by which antagonism works.

A

PHARMACOLOGICAL
- Competitive Antagonism (surmountable)
=> increases ED50, no change in Emax
=> you just need more agonist to bind to the same number of receptors

  • Non-Competitive Antagonism (insurmountable)
    => no change in ED50, decrease in Emax
    => you need more receptors to get the same effect
  • Partial Agonist Antagonism
    => full + partial => decreased Emax

NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL
- Chemical Antagonism
=> ex: protamine (+) can inactivate heparin (-)

  • Physiological Antagonism
    => use of opposing regulatory pathways to antagonize a drug
    => less specific, difficult to control compared to receptor-specific antagonism
    =>
17
Q

What happens when you increase concentration of a non-competitive antagonist in a system without spare receptors? with spare receptors?

A

WITH SPARE RECEPTORS

  • total # of receptors decreases
  • fractional occupancy increases
  • potency decreases

WITHOUT SPARE RECEPTORS
- when total # receptors

18
Q

What happens when you increase concentration of a competitive antagonist in a system without spare receptors? with spare receptors?

A

WITH SPARE RECEPTORS
- increase in ED50, no change in Emax

WITHOUT SPARE RECEPTORS
- increase ED50, same Emax (just need to add more agonist)

19
Q

Describe the fundamental differences between graded and quantal dose-response relationships. What specific information can each type provide?

A

Quantal dose relationships are based on responses elicited in a population

  • obtained from cumulative doses required to achieve a specific effect in a population
  • used to obtain median effective dose (ED50 = 50% of individuals will elicit a desired effect)
  • used to determine therapeutic index and safety (TD50/ED50 or LD50/ED50)

Dose-response provides:

  • ED50
  • Emax
20
Q

Define coupling.

A

def: transduction between receptor occupancy and response

factors that determine coupling efficiency:
- full vs partial agonist (full is more efficient at inducing the conformational change)
- biochemical actions that are required for cellular response
- # receptors bound
==> ion-gated: response is linearly proportional to bound receptors
==> protein-gated: response is not linear to bound receptors
==> spare receptors: nonlinear linkage between occupancy and response

21
Q

Describe temporal vs numerical spareness.

A

TEMPORAL

  • agonist-receptor binding is short-lived
  • but the effect (signaling cascade) it initiates is long-lasting

NUMERICAL
- depends on affinity and number of total compared to needed for Emax

22
Q

Define therapeutic window

A

therapeutic window = TD50 (minimum toxic dose) - ED50 (minimum effective dose)
- clinically relevant