Pharmacodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 4 mechanisms

A

Receptors
Ion channels
Carrier molecules
Enzymes

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2
Q

What is a protein?

A

A protein is made up of amino acids which form long chains

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3
Q

What is an ion?

A

An ion is a molecule with an electrical charge, can be positive or negative charge

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4
Q

What is tachyphylaxis?

A

A rapid desensitisation to a substrate caused by cellular change and metabolic degradation, change or loss of receptors

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5
Q

What are the 4 main types of receptors?

A

Ion channels
G-coupled protein
Nuclear
Kinase

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6
Q

Explain ionotropic (4)

A

Ligand gated
Nicatinic ACh receptor
Works on excitable tissue
Works in milliseconds

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7
Q

Explain metabotropic (6)

A

G-coupled proteins
2nd messengers
7 TMD
Amplifies signals
Drugs usually lipophilic
Can be complex

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8
Q

What is kinase-linked? (3)

A

Drugs take longer to work
Insulin/growth hormones
2 important pathways
-cell division and growth
-inflammation

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9
Q

What is a nuclear receptor? (6)

A

Can switch genes on and off
Powerful receptor
Ligands have to enter cell to bind
Effects have slow onset
Intracellular protein
Eg, steroids

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10
Q

Explain ion channels (6)

A

Important if rapid response required
Drugs block or modulate channels
Can be open, closed or inactive
Made up of proteins
Have 4 main channels
Examples, benzos and anesthetics

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11
Q

What are the 4 ion channels?

A

Ligand gated
Volted gated
Mechanically gated
Intra or extracellular gated

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12
Q

What is a carrier protein? (5)

A

Protein that helps substrate across the cell membrane
Shape specific
Can be targeted and blocked
Have 3 types
Examples, glucose, ions and amino acids

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of carrier protein?

A

Transporter- single molecule
Symporter - 2 same direction
Antiporter - 2 opposite direction

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14
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes speed up reactions
Act on specific sustrates
Contribute to a large number of drug reactions

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15
Q

What is an enzyme? (4)

A

Speeds up reaction
Act on specific substrates
Part of a lg number of drug reactions
Can incluse analoge, false or conversion of pro drugs

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16
Q

What is an analogue substrate? (3)

A

Similar shape
Competitive inhibition
Reversible and irreversible

17
Q

What is a false substrate? (3)

A

Similar shape
Produces abnormal product
Disrupts normal pathway

18
Q

What is a conversion of a pro drug? (5)

A

Given in inactive form
Relies on conversion of enzymes
Competitive inhibitor
Slows down reaction
Example, codeine

19
Q

What is ionisation? (5)

A

Ionised and unionised forms of weak acids and bases
Disassociation constant measures this pka
Acid to alkaline and vice versa
Water solutions attract ionised
Lipid solutions attract nonionised

20
Q

Explain drug half life (2)

A

Time taken for the concentration of a drug to fall by half in the bloodstream
Excretion and metabolism determine a drugs half life

21
Q

Explain steady state

A

Steady state is when the concentration levels of a substance in the blood equals that of elimination

22
Q

what does pKa mean?

A

The pKa is a measure of the relative strength (degree of ionization) of a weak acid or base

23
Q

What is an agonist?

A

A drug or substance that binds to a receptor and causes the same action as the substance that normally binds to the receptor

24
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

a substance that stops the action or effect of another substance.

25
Q

Define the term pharmacodynamics?

A

This is the study of how drugs work on the body

26
Q

Define the term pharmacokinetics

A

Refers to the mechanisms in which the body deals with drugs