pharmacist and ther profession - #1 Flashcards
what occurred during the transitional period
1) pure food and drug act 1906
2) food drug and cosmetic act 1938
3) pharmacy education: 4 years bs degree
3) pharmacists prepared, evaluated drug product, and recommend treatment and patient education
major periods of pharmacy practice
traditional 1900-1940
transitional 1940-1970
patient-care 1970-present
in the transitional period (1940-1970), 3 major forces that influenced the movement away from tradition era were:
technical advances
creation of legend drugs in 1951
boundaries set by the profession
in APha code of ethics, its states that the primary obligation of pharmacy is what?
1) service
2) safeguarding the preparation
4) compounding
5) dispensing of drugs
6) storage
7) handling of drugs
what does the APha state that the pharmacist CANNOT do?
cannot discuss the therapeutic effects or composition of the prescription with a patient. The must must ask a qualified practioner
events of the transitional period
1) pharmacist becomes dispenser of pre-fabricated drugs
2) BS program extended 5 years
3) product-focused practice
4) 1st signs of identity crisis in profession: overeducated & underutilized
important dates of the transition period and its significance
- emergence of hospital pharmacy 1950s
- birth of clinical pharmacy 1960
- ninth floor project at UCSF medical center 1966
Era that is also known as “Count, Pour, Lick and Stick”
transitional period
Donal Brodie stated in 1965:(3)
- goal of pharmacy must be safe use of drugs by public
- function of pharmacy is clinical in nature
- identified as drug use control
ninth floor project at UCSF medical center
applied concept of hospital pharmacy and drug use control
hospital pharmacists introduced clinical pharmacy
clinical pharmacy during transitional period signified what
major reconstructive movement
initially not well received until a few decades passed
what occurred during the end of the transitional period
professional diversity
rapid expansion of function
change in APha code of ethics in 1969
what changes were made to the APha code of ethics
health and safety of patient first
render full measure of their ability as an essential health practitioner to the patient
patient care period 1970-present
1) pharmacy in search for a role
considered businessmen
2) not prepared to communicate with physicians, patients, HC professional
3) resentment between clinical and nonclinical sectors
4) drug misadventures and patient noncompliance costly - pharmacist should be the one to address
pharmaceutical care - hepler & strand 1990, responsible for:
provision of drug therapy for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve a patients quality of life:
- cure disease
- arresting or slowing down disease
- reduction/elimination of symptoms
- preventing disease or symptom
medical care role in drug-use process
focus:
knowledge:
role in drug use:
focus: diagnose and treatment
knowledge: pathology
Role in drug use: prescribing
nursing care role in drug-use process
focus: give care during treatment
knowledge: biological, physiological, social, spiritual human responses
drug use: administer drug
what occurred at the turn of the 21 century
pharmacists mandates - to prevent morbidity and mortality through pharmaceutical care
education extended to 6 years- pharm D (2000)
increased post-grad training
expansion of professional organization
a service or group of services that optimize therapeutic outcomes and are independent of , but can occur in conjunction with provision of medication product
MTM medication therapy management
stated in the 2004 consensus statement
some of the services MTM (medication therapy management include)
assessment of patient health status
medication treatment plan
selecting, initiating, modifying or admin of medication
monitoring therapy
medication review to identify, resolve and prevent medication issues
document
etc.
1974 & 1987 omnibus budget reconcilation act (OBRA)
establish drug regimen review (DRR)
consultant pharmacists must conduct monthly DRR of residents in skilled-care nursing facilities
1990: OBRA 90
- establishes drug utilization review (DUR) for medicaid recipients
- pharmacists must:
monitor past patterns of drug misuse
monitor current therapy
offer patient consulting
2003 medicare prescribing drug, improvement, and modernization act (MMA)
required medicare D and medicare advantage prescription drug plans to provide MTM programs using pharmacists or other qualified providers
2010 healthcare reform (ACA)
specifically identifies pharmacists as provided of MTM and as members of the new integrated healthcare delivery models
