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INTRO TO BIOPHARM ENG > Pharmaceutics > Flashcards

Pharmaceutics Flashcards

1
Q

What is a pharmaceutic?

A

A branch of pharmacy which includes the study of formulation of drugs into dosage form.

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2
Q

What is a drug?

A

A chemical entity obtained from various sources which has a therapeutic effect on the body.

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3
Q

List 5 physical pharmaceutic properties

A
  1. Rheology
  2. Diffusion
  3. Aggregation
  4. Percolation
  5. Surface tension
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4
Q

List 5 biological pharmaceutic properties.

A
  1. Nanoparticle flow
  2. Diffusion in vivo
  3. Movement in tumours.
  4. Bio-adhesion
  5. Particle interaction in lung.
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5
Q

What is dosage form?

A

When drugs are combined with other inert substances (eg. excipients) and converted into suitable forms of administration to the body (eg. tablet).

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6
Q

List the 4 forms of dosage administration to the body and give an example of each.

A
  1. Solid - tablet (unit dose) or granules (fine dose)
  2. Liquid - syrup (mono-phasic) or suspensions (di-phasic).
  3. Semi-solid - suppositories (internal) or creams (external).
  4. Other - inhalers (gaseous).
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7
Q

What is an API?

A

Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient is a chemical compound used for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease.

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8
Q

What is an excipient? Give 3 examples.

A

Substances that give a particular shape to the formulation to increase stability. eg. colouring, flavouring, antioxidants.

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9
Q

What is biopharmaceutics? Why is it studied?

A

Relationship between physiochemical properties in dosage form and the observed therapeutic effect. The therapeutic effect is studied at the absorption site.

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10
Q

Give 5 examples of factors that are studies in biopharmaceutics.

A
  1. Rate of drug release from product.
  2. Rate of dissolution at adsorption site.
  3. Availability of drug at site of action.
  4. Protection and stability of drug within product.
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11
Q

Give 2 examples of causes of drug instability and how it can be improved?

A
  • Chemical degradation by hydrolysis or deamidation.

- Improved by pH, solvent choice, temperature.

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12
Q

Give 2 examples of factor affecting rate of dissolution at adsorption site.

A
  • Environmental - agitation, composition, etc.

- Other - polymorphism, particle size

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13
Q

When manufacturing dosage forms, give the 7 key factors involved.

A
  1. Amount/type of diluent.
  2. Type of tablet manufacture
  3. Granule size & distribution.
  4. Compression force
  5. Humidity
  6. Storage conditions’
  7. Age of dosage form
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14
Q

What is a vehicle?

A

The binding agent for the product eg. aqueous, miscible, immiscible.

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15
Q

Give 2 examples of diluents.

A

Organic - starch

Inorganic - Dicalcium Phosphate Divalent

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16
Q

What is a lubricant? How is it different than a binder?

A

Lubricants ensure good flow of granules to reduce sticking whereas binders promote cohesive compactness.

17
Q

Why are surfactants used?

A

Wetting agents that enhance or reduce adsorption.

18
Q

What is a negative to using colourants?

A

May decrease the dissolution rate of a drug.

19
Q

Why is wet granulation generally better?

A

It improves the wettability of poorly soluble drugs by incorporating hydrophilic properties resulting in a greater rate of dissolution.

20
Q

What is colloidal dispersion? How are particles seen?

A

Where there is a dispersed phase (very fine particles) and a dispersion medium (continuous phase). Particles seen through electron microscope, pass through filter paper but not a semi-permeable membrane).

21
Q

Give 6 properties of colloidal dispersion properties.

A
  1. Shape
  2. Diffusion
  3. Light scattering
  4. Viscosity
  5. Gel formation
  6. Electric properties
22
Q

What is course dispersion?

A

Same as colloidal dispersion but particles can be seen through normal microscope but do not pass through filter paper.

23
Q

What is bioavailability?

A

The transfer of a drug from its site of administration into body with general circulation. It is characterised by rate of transfer and amount transferred.

24
Q

What are the different factors affecting drug adsorption?

A
  • Physiological - cell membrane is semi-permeable so highly charged and large molecules cannot cross.
  • Physiochemical - surface area of the drug (crystal or amorphous), hydration & solubility.
  • Dosage form - inert ingredients eg. diluents or type eg. solution.
25
Q

Outline the rotating basket apparatus.

A
  • 22 mesh cylindrical basket
  • 100rpm speed
  • Closed compartment
  • 1L capacity, partially immersed in water bath.
  • Mesh basket placed into glass cylinder 2cm from bottom and rotated by variable speed motor
  • All metal parts are stainless steel.
26
Q

Outline the rotating paddle apparatus.

A
  • Paddle instead of basket
  • Paddle attached vertically to motor.
  • 50rpm

INTRO TO BIOPHARM ENG (8 decks)

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