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INTRO TO BIOPHARM ENG > Biochemical Engineering > Flashcards

Biochemical Engineering Flashcards

1
Q

What was the name of the first antibiotic produced? Who was it produced by? What was it used to treat? What bacteria was used to make it?

A

Sulphonamide

  • Gerhard Domagk
  • Scarlet Fever
  • Streptococcus sp.
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2
Q

Who discovered Penicillin initially & who developed the therepeutic properties? What was it produced in?

A

Alexander Fleming
Ernst Chain & Howard Florey
Bed pan

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3
Q

Who helped to scale Penicillin production increasing by 10 fold?

A

Andrew Moyer’s Group

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4
Q

Who designed the first commercial penicillin production plant? What company did they work for?

A

Margaret Hutchinson Rousseau

Pfizer

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5
Q

In early stages of production, penicillin turned yellow, what was used to change this?

A

Charcoal

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6
Q

How does sulphonamide work in the body?

A

Sulphonamide is converted to sulphanilamide in the body. This mimics a PABA precursor, stopping the growth of gram positive bacteria.

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7
Q

List 6 different growth medias used in deep tank fermentation.

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Lactose
  3. Corn steep liquor
  4. Sodium nitrate
  5. Calcium carbonate
  6. Phenylacetate
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8
Q

How is corn steep liquor made?

A

Waste product is removed from starch. Corn wet milling, soaked in sulphur dioxide for 40hrs, filtered & concentrated using evaporators.

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9
Q

Give 3 examples of fermenters used before technology advanced?

A

Samuel Allsopp & Sons. - brewery with open top wooden vessels in union
Louis Pasteur - sterilised & pure culture fermenter
Chaim Weizmann - ABE process by anaerobic cultivation with no stirring or aeration

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10
Q

What is the purpose of spargers?

A

Increase oxygen transfer through open tubes to decrease bubble size & create larger SA.

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11
Q

What is the purpose of air filters?

A

Stop bacteria entering the fermenter so it remains sterile. Used to be glass wool now PTFE.

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12
Q

What is the purpose of baffles?

A

Prevent build up on sides of tank, increasing homogeneity & heat transfer area.

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13
Q

What is the purpose of impellers?

A

Reduces bubble size with shear force. Design is dependent on viscosity. Particle shape will determine whether fluid acts as Newtonian (low viscosity eg. spherical) or Non-Newtonian (high viscosity eg. long organisms).

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14
Q

Give 6 types of impeller.

A
  1. Flat blade disc turbine (Rushton)
  2. Propeller
  3. Pitched blade turbine
  4. Anchor
  5. Gate anchor
  6. Helical screw
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15
Q

What is a genome?

A

The sum of all the genes & DNA on all the different chromosomes of a cell.

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16
Q

What is the correlation between protein coding genes and no. of base pairs?

A

There is none. A cell with many more base pairs can have the same number of protein coding genes as a smaller cell.

17
Q

What is the distance between bases along a DNA strand?

A

0.3 nm

18
Q

If a human genome has 3 Gbp, what is the physical length of DNA in each cell?

A

3 Gbp = 300 000 000 000 bp
0.3 nm = 300 000 000 000 m
=== 1m length

19
Q

What is a haploid?

A

A cell with a single set of unpaired chromosomes

20
Q

What is a diploid?

A

A cell with 2 complete sets of chromosomes.

21
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

A small, circular, double stranded DNA molecule found in bacteria.

22
Q

How is a plasmid exploited for antibiotic resistance?

A
  1. Isolate plasmid from bacteria.
  2. Isolate gene of interest from another cell.
  3. Insert gene of interest into plasmid using recombinant DNA technology.
  4. Bacteria cell takes up plasmid in transformation.
  5. Bacteria divides & forms clone of cells.
23
Q

Describe the basic properties of an amino acid

A

All proteins composed of 20 naturally occurring alpha-amino acids.
Fully ionised.
Amphoteric (acid or base)
Zwitterionic (postive & negative charged groups).

24
Q

Describe how peptide bonds are formed between amino acids?

A

Condensation reaction.

Positively charged side of one amino acids joins to negatively charged on other amino acid.

25
Q

Give an example of non-polar/hydrophobic amino acids.

A

Alanine

26
Q

Give an example of polar/hydrophilic amino acids.

A

Serine

27
Q

What are the 4 different protein structures formed by polypeptides?

A

Primary
Secondary (alpha helix or beta-pleated sheet).
Tertiary
Quaternary (oligomeric)

28
Q

What is the purpose of post-translational modifications of proteins?

A

Increase functional diversity through covalent addition of chemical groups, clevage & regulatory subunits.

29
Q

Give 3 examples of post-translational modification processes.

A
  1. Phosphorylation
  2. Glycosylation
  3. Nitrosylation
30
Q

How are post-translational modifications carried out?

A

By enzymes.

31
Q

What is the central dogma? What processes occur there?

A

Flow of genetic info in cells.
Transcription: DNA –> mRNA
Translation: mRNA –> RNA

32
Q

What is a proteome?

A

Sum of all proteins expressed by a cell. Processes only take place on 5% of proteins in cell.

33
Q

What happens in glycosylation?

A

Carried out by kinases. Affects protein folding, shape, distribution, stability & activity.

34
Q

What happens in phosphorylation?

A

Regulates many cellular processes including functional & signal transmission pathways.

35
Q

What are the 3 important factors when considering mixing?

A
  1. Distribution - material transported to all areas of vessel (slow for large vessels)
  2. Dispersion - breaking up bulk flow into eddies (which streamline & do not mix)
  3. Diffusion - molecular diffusion

INTRO TO BIOPHARM ENG (8 decks)

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