pharma quiz 1 Flashcards
drug stages after administration LADME
Liberation
absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion
How long does it take a drug to develop & pass ?
8-15 years
pharmacology
Deals with the study of drugs and their actions or effects.
Therapeutic methods are approaches to treating illnesses
- Diet therapy
- Drug therapy
- Physiotherapy
- Psychotherapy
- Therapeutic methods are often used in combination
what metabolizes drugs?
liver metabolizes drugs
a pt with poor kidney function ?
A pt with poor kidney function will have an increased action and duration of a drug.
displacement
warfarin + valproic acid = increased anticoagulant effect.
infants and elderly
infants and elderly tend to be the most sensitive to drug effects.
organs with larger blood supply
Organs with larger blood supply receive the distributed drug most rapidly.
drug protein is a way of transportation.
FDA
Food and drug administration
Chemical Name: Generic/Brand Names:
- Most meaningful to the
chemist - Chemist understands the
exact chemical constitution
of the drug and the exact
placement of its atoms or
molecular groupings - Generic name: Important to
know because formularies
use them; not capitalized - Official name: Listed by FDA
- Brand or trademark:
Registered by manufacturer;
capitalize
Which name(s) of a drug should the nurse use when
teaching a patient about a new prescription?
Generic and trade
Drug
Classifications
- Body system classification
(e.g., cardiovascular,
gastrointestinal) - Therapeutic use or clinical
indications (e.g., antacids,
antibiotics) - Physiologic or chemical
action (e.g.,
anticholinergics, calcium
channel blockers)
Prescription:
Requires an order by a health professional
licensed to prescribe drugs
Nonprescription
Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs sold without a prescription.
Illegal or recreational drugs
Used for nontherapeutic
purposes; obtained illegally
Biosimilar:
Biologic product that is close in
structure/function to an existing approved biologic product
Resources for
Drug
Information
- Official source for American drug
standards - The United States
Pharmacopeia (USP)/National
Formulary (NF) - USP Dictionary of USAN and
International Drug Names - Sources for prescription and
nonprescription drugs - Package inserts
- Nursing journals
- Electronic database
Controlled Substances Act
(1970): Defined five
classifications or schedules of
controlled substances
- Schedule I : These drugs have high potential for abuse.
ex: heroin, ecstasy, LSD, weed, pcp - Schedule II : HIgh potential for abuse . Has accepted medical use for treatment.
ex: oxycodone, morphine, methamphetamine - Schedule III: less abuse potential then cII drugs. accepted medical use.
ex: anabolic steroids, hydrocodone - Schedule IV: less abuse then cIII drugs. accepted medical use.
ex: valium,xanax,darvon,phentermine - Schedule V: less abuse potential then cIv drugs. accepted medical use.
ex: cough medicine with codeine
Which entity is responsible for monitoring drug safety in the
United States?
Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)
Which drug schedule indicates drugs with the highest risk for
abuse?
Schedule I
Orphan drugs
Medicines developed for rare disorders.
Orphan Drug Act, 1983: Promotes development of products
that demonstrate promise for diagnosis or treatment of rare
diseases or conditions
* Examples of rare diseases include cystic fibrosis, Hansen’s
disease (leprosy), sickle cell anemia, infant botulism.
Drug receptors
Specific sites where drugs form
chemical bonds
The drug and the receptor must have similar shape
* similar to a key and lock. The better the fit, the better the
response
The drug must have a chemical affinity for the
receptor
Pharmacodynamics:
Study of interactions between
drugs and their receptors and the series of events that
result in a pharmacologic response
Agonists:
Drugs that interact with a receptor to
stimulate a response
Antagonist:
Drugs that attach to a receptor but do not stimulate a response
Partial Agonists:
Drugs that attach and elicit a small
response but also block other responses
Routes of Drug Administration
Enteral:
Via the gastrointestinal tract by the oral,rectal, or nasogastric routes.
Routes of Drug Administration
Parenteral
Bypasses the GI tract by using
subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous
injection.
Routes of Drug Administration
Percutaneous:
Absorbed through the skin and
mucous membranes
Inhalation, sublingual, or topical
Drug Stages After Administration
LADME
Liberation: Drug released from dosage form
Absorption: Depends on route of administration
Distribution: Depends on circulation to be transported throughout body
Metabolism: Depends on enzyme systems
Excretion: Depends on GI tract and kidneys
Liberation
Drug released from dosage form and is dissolved in body fluid.
Process of converting oral drug can be influenced by food and water in the stomach.
All drugs are processed in the body through
pharmacokinetics. What is the correct order
that drugs pass through the body?
Liberation, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion.
Absorption
-Drug is transferred from entry site into the body’s circulating fluids.
-Absorption rate depends on route, blood flow, and solubility of the drug.
-Subcutaneous and intramuscular injection absorption is affected by circulation.
Intravenous medications are absorbed fastest.
-Topical medications applied to the skin can be influenced by skin thickness and hydration.
Which route of administration has the fastest rate of distribution?
Intravenous
Distribution
-Drugs are transported throughout the body by body fluids to the sites of action.
-Protein binding and fat solubility affect distribution.
-Organs with largest blood supply receive the distributed drug most rapidly.
-Some drugs cannot pass through the blood-brain barrier or the placental barrier
Metabolism
-The process whereby the body inactivates drugs
-Primary organ of metabolism is the liver; other sites are GI tract and lungs
Excretion
-Elimination of drug metabolites and some of the active
drug from the body
-Kidneys are the major organ of excretion; some excreted
in feces
-A patient with poor kidney function will have an increased action and duration of a drug
Half-Life of Drugs
-Factors modifying the quantity of drug reaching a site of action after a single oral dose.
-When the half-life of a drug is known, dosages and frequency of administration can be calculated.
-Drugs with long half-lives (digoxin is 36 hours) need to be administered once daily.
Idiosyncratic reactions:
Occur when something unusual/abnormal happens when drug is first administered
Allergic reactions:
Occur among patients who have previously been exposed to a drug and whose immune systems have developed antibodies to the drug
