Pharma for Pulmo

Question 1

List three first generation antihistamine.

Answer 1

Diphenhydramine, Dimenhydrinate, Chlorpheniramine

Question 2

What is the mechanism of first generation antihistamine?

Answer 2

reversibly inhibit H1 histamine receptors

Question 3

what is the clinical use of first generation antihistamine?

Answer 3

Allergy, motion sickness, sleep aid

Question 4

Adverse effects of first generation antihistamines?

Answer 4

Sedation, antimuscarinic, anti-alpha-adrenergic

Question 5

second generation antihistamine

Answer 5

cetririzine…

Question 6

why are second generation better than first

Answer 6

less sedating effect due to decrease CNS penetration

Question 7

Guaifenesin

Answer 7

expectorant: this respiratory excretions (breaks down mucus)

Question 8

What is N-acetylcysteine used for? (2 things)

Answer 8

breaks down mucus in COPD patients by disrupting disulfide bonds; acetominophen overdose antidote

Question 9

Use and mechanism of dextromorphan

Answer 9

Antitussive (antagonizes NMDA glutamate receptors to suppress cough); mid opioid effect in excess

Question 10

What is the mechanism for pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine?

Answer 10

alpha-adrenergic agonists

Question 11

What is the clinical use for pseudophedrine and phenylephrine?

Answer 11

Reduce hyperemia, edema and nasal congestion

Question 12

Adverse effects of pseudophedrine and phenylephrine

Answer 12

Hypertension, anxiety

Question 13

How does Bosentan treat pulmonary hypertension ?

Answer 13

Competitively antagonizes endothelin 1 receptor to decrease pulmonary resistance

Question 14

What are the adverse effects of Bosetan?

Answer 14

Hepatotoxicity (monitor LFTs)

Question 15

How does Sildenafil treat Pulm hypertension?

Answer 15

Inhibit cGMP PDE-5 and prolong vasodilatory effect of NO (

Question 16

How do Epoprostenol and Iloprost treat pulmonary hypertension

Answer 16

PGI2; direct vasodilatory effects on pulmonary and systemic arterial beds; inhibit platelet aggregation

Question 17

Side effects of epoprostenol and iloprost

Answer 17

flushing, jaw pain

Question 18

Which medication is used in acute exacerbation/shortness of breath due to asthma?

Answer 18

Albuterol (beta2-agonist)

Question 19

How do beta 2 agonists relax bronchial smooth muscles?

Answer 19

Gs–> adenylate cyclase–> cAMP

Question 20

What are Salmeterol and Formoterol used for?

Answer 20

long-acting agents for prophylaxis

Question 21

Adverse effects of salmeterol and formoterol

Answer 21

Tremor and arrhythmia

Question 22

Name two inhaled corticosteroids

Answer 22

Fluticasone and budesonide

Question 23

What is the mechanism of inhaled corticosteroids

Answer 23

Inhibit synthesis of cytokines by inactivating NF-kappaB

Question 24

What is the clinical use of fluticasone and budesonide?

Answer 24

First-line tx for chronic asthma

Question 25

What is the mechanism and clinical use of Ipratropium?

Answer 25

Competitive muscarinic antagonist that prevents bronchoconstriction; COPD

Question 26

What is the long-acting muscarinic antagonist used to treat COPD?

Answer 26

Tiotropium

Question 27

Name the best treatment for aspirin-induced asthma

Answer 27

Montelukast, Zafirlukast (block CysLT1 recetpors)

Question 28

What is the mechanism of Zileuton

Answer 28

5-lipooxygenase inhibitor to block conversion of arachidonic acid to leukotrienes

Question 29

Adverse effect of Zileuton

Answer 29

Hepatotoxic (monitor LFTs)

Question 30

What is Omalizumab used for

Answer 30

Steroid and b2-restistant allergic asthma

Question 31

Mechanism of Omalizumab

Answer 31

binds serum IgE and blocks binding to FceRI

Question 32

Name a methylxanthine

Answer 32

Theophylline

Question 33

Mechanism of Theophylline

Answer 33

Inhibits phosphodiesterase to increase cAMP; causes bronchodilation

Question 34

Adverse effects of Theophylline

Answer 34

Cardiotoxic (arrhythmias), Neurotoxic (seizures, irritation, confusion, tremor), metabolized by P450, blocks actions of adenosine

Question 35

What is the use of Methacholine?

Answer 35

M3 agonist, used in bronchial challenge test to diagnose asthma

Question 36

What is used for smoking cessation

Answer 36

Verenicline

Question 37

What is Varenicline's mechanism

Answer 37

Partial agonist for alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in CNS

Question 38

How does Varenecline help with smoking cessation

Answer 38

Reduces withdrawal cravings and rewarding effects of nicotine

Question 39

What are the cancer markers for small cell carcinoma?

Answer 39

NCAM (CD56), enolase, chromogranin, and synaptophysi

Question 40

Expression of mucin and mutations in EGF and KRAS genes are characteristic of

Answer 40

non-small cell carcinomas

Question 41

What are the therapeutic effects of Bosentan?

Answer 41

Reduce pulmonary arterial pressure and lessen progression of vascular and RVH

Question 42

Sleep apnea with loud snoring and gasping respirations indicative of oropharyngeal dysfunction can improve with stimulation of which nerve

Answer 42

Hypoglossal

Question 43

Have the strongest and most predictable effects on inflammatory component of asthma. Best for long-term management and can reduce number and severity of acute asthma exacerbations

Answer 43

Corticosteroids

Question 44

What two types of β-agonists are used to treat asthma?

Answer 44

Nonspecific β-agonists and β2-agonists

Question 45

Is albuterol used as a controller medication or for relief of symptoms during exacerbations?

Answer 45

It is used for relief in acute asthma exacerbations

Question 46

Salmeterol is a _____ (short/intermediate/long) -acting agent.

Answer 46

long

Question 47

List two adverse effects of salmeterol.

Answer 47

Tremor and arrhythmia