pharma exam 3 Flashcards
why is bioavail increased but there is a delay in the max []
increased intestinal permiability
slower rates of gastric emptying means drug hangs in the stomach longer before reaching the SI
in general neonates have a ____ absorption and a ______ concentration causing _____ bioavailability
slower absorption
higher []
higher bioavailability
what is the effect of decreased first pass effect
there can be increased amounts of drugs or there can be a decrease in affect of the drugs because prodrugs need to be activated
what is the best route for neonates
IV. decreased MM and decreased BF
what do I call babies
extracellular water bags
why do we care about extracellular water
larger volume of distribution
what drug class is water soluble and affected by V/D
aminoglycosides (amikacin)
how does neonatal protected sites vary
lack of p glycoprotein barriers and leaky vessels means drugs may reach the protected sites. esp in MDR1 dogs
if we need CSF concentrations what do we need
higher and more frequent doses in neonates
what causes bone marrow toxicity
chloramphenicol
what is a major pathway that may develop later in neonates
glucuronidation
is renal immaturity a likely cause of increased renal []
no. it develops in a few days
what acidity is neonatal urine
more acidic
why do we care about acidic urine in neonates
weak acids are unable to ionize so they remain unionized so they go back to the blood. weak bases are ionized quickly and are excreted in the urine
overall metabolism in neonates is
decreased. extra decreased in a septic foal
how is hepatic blood flow in a septic neonate
decreased
can we use NSAIDs in neonates
yes. with caution. reassess a lot. prolong dosing intervals
what is our safe parasiticide in neonates
pyrantel pamoate. fenbend in dams while pregnant
what is the issue with metro
neurotoxicity
when thinking about analgesics what do we not want
we want to dose to effect. propofol is safe. ketamine doesnt work great.
use reversibles
why do analgesics differ in neonates
neonates have less fat. so they need less to go to sleep and theres overall less fat so the drugs go to the blood and back to the brain = sleeping longer
what sedative drugs do we reach for in neonates
opioids, benzos
what is the safest antibiotic class for neonates and pregnant animals
B lactams (cillins)
what is the neonatal fluid rate for maintenance
80-100 ml/kg/day
