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the next generation > final exam jumbo > Flashcards

final exam jumbo Flashcards

1
Q

in dogs at what day gestation do you make them carry full term or spay and cant abort

A

day 40

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2
Q

intact cat less than 2 y/o wiwth proliferation of mammary tissue

A

likely FEH, could be neoplasia
OHE is curative

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3
Q

when can we diagnose a SA pregnancy with the ultrasound

A

day 28 (post ovulation)

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4
Q

what HR is conisdered too much stress and we move to c section in SA

A

less than 150

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5
Q

how do you feed a pregnant bitch vs queen

A

bitch: increase feed in last 3 weeks of pregnancy
queen: increase every week starting at breeding

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6
Q

what cytology supports puppy vaginitis. what is the thing to remember about it

A

nondegen neuts, maybe bacti
do not spay until resolved

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7
Q

what do we think about when we see adult intact vaginitis

A

viral, bacterial, anatomical

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8
Q

perivulvar dermatitis is most common in who

A

prepubertal spays

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9
Q

uterus filled with fluid, older intact dog, increase uterine gland size

A

cystic endometrial hyperplasia

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10
Q

what is the treatment for CEH

A

irreversible. if issue, OHE

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11
Q

when we have an intact bitch that ADR what is always on our list

A

PYO

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12
Q

what is our treatment of choice for initial treatment of a pyo

A

clavamox

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13
Q

what is our rule for trying to medically manage a pyoderma in a dog

A

if not improving in 48hr post treatment, bad sign
very expensive
important to breed next cycle

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14
Q

castrated males are more at risk for ___________ while intact males are more at risk for _______________

A

castrated- prostatic neoplasia
intact BPH- prostatitis

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15
Q

what is our drug of choice for prostatitis

A

enrofloxacin. crosses the prostatic barrier

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16
Q

what are the two SA prostatic neoplasia

A

adenocarcinoma and TCC

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17
Q

ddx between prostatitis and neoplasia

A

neoplasia- castrated, asymmetric no sulcus

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18
Q

prognosis of prostate cancer

A

poor prog, high met rate, aggressive. sx does not increase MST

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19
Q

what is the most common testicular neoplasia in cryptorchids

A

sertoli cell

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20
Q

how do we diagnose testicular neoplasia

A

preputial smear!!!!! look for superficial epithelial cells (estrogen influence)

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21
Q

if we have a cryptorchid we expect LH levels to be ____, AMH to be _____ and prostate size to be _____

A

LH- low
AMH- high
prostate size- large

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22
Q

if we see orchitis or epididymitis what should be on our ddx

A

b. canis

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23
Q

what species cannot have grizeofulvin while pregnant

A

dog, cat horse

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24
Q

what abx can we not give to pregnant cats and dogs

A

tetracyclines

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25
Q

if we suspect viral abortions what do we send to path

A

fetus, placenta, and maternal serum

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26
Q

viral porcine abortion greater than 90 days gestation. piglet weak with resp disease

A

PRRSV

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27
Q

pig abortion less than 70 days gestation. SMEDI signs

A

porcine parvovirus

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28
Q

smedi signs in a cat

A

feline panleuk (parvo)

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29
Q

bovine cluster abortions greater than 4 mo (viral cause)

A

herpesvirus

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30
Q

what causes abortion in sheep most likely after a vax for this virus

A

blue tongue

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31
Q

what virus causes still birth in equine with no CS in the dam

A

EHV

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32
Q

what virus in equine causes the dam to have a fever and nasal discharge and also abort

A

EVA

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33
Q

which viruses can cause an abortion in cattle

A

herpes, BVD, cashe valley virus

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34
Q

if you see a parasitic abortion in a sheep what is your number one ddx

A

toxoplasma gondii

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35
Q

if you see a parasitic abortion in cattle what is your number one ddx

A

neospora caninum

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36
Q

who is the DH of toxoplasma gondii

A

cats.

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37
Q

what is the cut off date of ingestion for toxoplasma gondii to either see abortion or “apparently healthy” neonates in small ruminants

A

155d

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38
Q

how do we diagnose parasitic abortions in ruminants

A

serial serology. 4x increase of IgG

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39
Q

what parasitic abortion can backyard pigs get

A

toxoplasma gondii

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40
Q

focal well demarcated, soft tan testicular tumor

A

leydig cell tumor

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41
Q

multilobular, grey white, fibrous tissue, firm testicular tumor

A

sertoli cell tumor

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42
Q

how does a seminoma compare to sertoli and leydig cell tumors

A

it is soft like a leydig cell, but grey/white and nodular like sertoli cell.
it also has lymphocytic infultrate.

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43
Q

what causes gynocomastia in a male dog

A

estrogen. usually estrogen secreting tumors of the testicles.

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44
Q

SCC on the penis is associated with what virus in horses

A

equine papillomavirus 2

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45
Q

what cell type is a Transmissible venerial tumor

A

histiocytic

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46
Q

what does adventitious placentation lead to

A

hydrops allantois

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47
Q

what is the difference between toxoplasma lesions on the placenta and brucella placentitis

A

toxo: cotyledonary necrosis only
brucella: diffuse placental lesion shag like and dull.

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48
Q

length of cord for equine umbilical cord torsion

A

> 83 cm

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49
Q

bulls eye multifocal hepatic necrosis of the lamb

A

camphylobacter fetus

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50
Q

what causes mummys

A

viruses. because non-lytic

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51
Q

what is the main trigger for parturition

A

fetal stress causing cortisol release

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52
Q

how do we predict parturition in a mare

A

milk calcium above 200 and more acidic milk

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53
Q

how do we predict parturition in dogs

A

fetal peristalsis on AUS and rectal temp drops

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54
Q

who is not CL dependent in pregnancy

A

cow, sheep, horse.

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55
Q

what are the three fetal causes of dystocia

A

hormonal deficiency
fetomateral mismatch
fetal death - no cortisol

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56
Q

what are the generic steps to deal with a dystocia

A

prep for C section in case
vaginal/clean exam- reposition if necessary and check for fergie
+- rectal exam

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57
Q

when can you induce a camelid

A

usually dont. but if HR is less than 50 BPM do it

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58
Q

dystocia in cow: amion is broken and cervix is dilated. what do you do

A

give 30 min and wait for progress.

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59
Q

what makes milk fat (VFAs)

A

acetate and butyrate

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60
Q

what is the brix cut off for adequate colostrum

A

> 22%
or 50g/L on refract

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61
Q

what are the four standard things you do in the clinic when working up a dystocia in a dog

A

talk money,
PE on mom (BG)
vaginal exam (fergie)
US - fetal viability

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62
Q

what do you do if there is a dog dystocia with no fergeson response

A

C section

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63
Q

what are the four main tx we can do for medical management of a SA dystocia

A

oxytocin, glucose PO, Ca gluconate (rare), lube and water 1:1 ratio

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64
Q

what are the four main reasons to opt for a small animal C section

A

no fergeson reflex
medical management fails
fetal HR <150 BPM
fetomateral mismatch

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65
Q

how long can we have active contractions with zero progress in a bitch before we elect to C section

A

1 hour

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66
Q

what is the female part of the lock tie

A

vestibular bulb

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67
Q

what vestibular glands does the queen have

A

major only.

68
Q

what is in the spermatocord

A

testicular van, testicular lymph

ductus deferens

69
Q

who has a longer preprostatic urethra: dog or cat

A

cat

70
Q

what are the two parts of the glans penis in a dog

A

bulbus glandis and pars longus glandis

71
Q

granulosa cells make ____ and leydig cells make ____

A

G: estrogen
L: testosterone

72
Q

what influences granulosa cells? leydig cells?

A

FSH stim granulosa cells
LH stim Leydig cells

73
Q

what are the three stages of spermatogenesis

A

proliferation
meiosis
differentiation

74
Q

how long does spermatogenesis occur

A

60 days

75
Q

primary oocytes arrest development in what stage prior to puberty

A

meiosis 1 prophase 1

76
Q

what restarts the maturation of the primary oocytes

A

GnRH at puberty causing an increase in FSH and LH

77
Q

what causes an LH surge

A

the surge in Estradiol from the follicle

78
Q

what causes oovulation (in a dog)

A

LH surge

79
Q

what does progesterone cause the other hormones to do

A

decrease in LH and FSH

80
Q

what causes luteal cells to differentiate to form the CL

A

rupture and CH formation

81
Q

what is the main arterial supply to the penis

A

middle artery from the obturator a

82
Q

what is the LN that drains the limbs and tail and abd and pelvic wall

A

medial iliac ln

83
Q

what nerve causes an erection? what nerve fiber is it

A

pelvic nerve. parasympathetic

84
Q

what nerve causes ejaculation? what nerve fiber is it

A

hypogastric n, sympathetic

85
Q

what nerve gives us voluntary control of peeing

A

pudendal nerve- somatic

86
Q

what is the arterial supply to the urinary bladder

A

umbilical and caudal vesicle

87
Q

why is it hard to regulate porcine reproduction

A

they have only one follicular wave with lots of follicles

88
Q

how long is estrus in a cow? which cow has a shorter estrus

A

roughly 15 hours. diary is shorter

89
Q

how does a pseudopreg and a pregnancy compare in a cat

A

pseudopreg is 40 days while actual pregnancy is 60 days

90
Q

how long is estrus in a cat

A

around 2 weeks

91
Q

in a dog what is happening in the second half of diestrus to maintain the CL

A

prolactin!

92
Q

bitches________ their follicles

A

prelutenize. meaning progesterone starts to rise before ovulation

93
Q

how long is estrus and proestrus in a bitch

A

both around 9 days

94
Q

where is the sperm deposited in a horse?

A

cervix

95
Q

where is the semen deposited in a dog

A

uterus. weird one

96
Q

which sperm usually live to see the egg fast or slow sperm

A

slow

97
Q

sperm need to be ______ to be able to fertilize

A

capacitated

98
Q

when does the acrosomal reaction occur in sperm

A

when they bind to the ZP

99
Q

what animals have vertical testes

A

bull ram buck

100
Q

what is our scrotal circumference for adults

A

34

101
Q

what animal do we do EEJ under anesthesia only and usually do gloved hand

A

boars (and technically big cats)

102
Q

in the eosin nigrosin stain what color are alive sperm

A

white

103
Q

what is the most important characteristic of sperm

A

morphology

104
Q

for a bull to pass their BSE they need to have ___% of normal morphology of sperm

A

70%

105
Q

what is the first sac to rupture in labor

A

alantoic cavity

106
Q

how many layers are there in a ruminant placenta plus mom (elnady question idk)

A

6 layers total. all animals except carnivores have 6

107
Q

the marginal hematoma around the placenta is a source of what for the baby

A

iron

108
Q

a small region of the distal urethra is formed by invagination of____

A

ectoderm. the rest is endoderm

109
Q

the urinary system is mainly ____derm

A

mesoderm

110
Q

modern adult permanent kidney

A

metanephros

111
Q

primitive kidney not functional in higher vertebrates

A

pronephros

112
Q

what separates the cloaca fromimg the hind gut and allantois

A

urorectal septum and mesoderm

113
Q

the whole bladder is ___derm except for the trigone that is ____derm

A

bladder; endoderm
trigone: mesoderm

114
Q

what renal anomaly is common in the pig

A

metanephrogenic blastema

115
Q

ectopic ureters cause urinary incont in ___-

A

females

116
Q

what causes the decrease in FSH as the dominant follicle emerges

A

inhibin

117
Q

how many breedings needed in a cat to ensure 100% ovulation

A

4

118
Q

toned cervix and moderate tone in the uterus of a horse supports what stage of their cycle

A

diestrus

119
Q

soft cervix and moderate uterine tone with a 40 mm follicle is what stage (horse)

A

estrus

120
Q

what can we not use to supress estrus in a horse

A

synthetic progestogens do not work

121
Q

if we accidentally bred two horses how many days do we have to wait before we can lyse

A

14 days then lyse with lutalyse or cloprostenol

122
Q

what drug induces ovulation in a horse

A

LH - deslorelin

123
Q

vesicular glands are _______ to the ampulla of the horse

A

caudolateral

124
Q

the broad ligament is on the ______ side of the uterus of a horse

A

dorsal (ventral in cows)

125
Q

what type of folds are in a equine cervix

A

longitudinal

126
Q

what contagious bacteria is harbored in the equine clitoral fossa

A

taylorella equigenitalis (eradicated)

127
Q

what cells do we expect in estrus cytology

A

superficial epithelial cells and really nothing else

128
Q

when does mounting behavior occur (standing estrus)

A

at the cross roads of estrogen dropping and progesterone increasing

129
Q

in a vaginal cytology when is the only time you should see lots of neutrophils

A

diestral shift or pyometra

130
Q

if progesterone in a dog is 2 ng/ml what does this mean

A

LH peak

131
Q

when does ovulation begin in a dog in relation to LH

A

24-48 hours post LH peak

132
Q

how long does ovulation take in a bitch

A

24-48 hours.

133
Q

when does fertilization occur in a dog in relation to LH peak

A

3-6 days post peak

134
Q

what does brucellosis do in a dog

A

causes canine abortions. and orchititis

135
Q

what does a vaginal cytology look like in proestrus

A

superficial epi cells
RBC
few PMN
debris.
NON receptive to males

136
Q

probability calculation that is more important than penetrance when talking about genetic inheritance

A

at risk

137
Q

how long is diestrus in a horse

A

14-16 days

138
Q

what animals have a superficial noninvasive placenta that easily separates

A

all animals except carnivores

139
Q

the amnion and chorion do not fuse in what two species

A

dog and horse

140
Q

if less than 20% blood loss what fluid do you use

A

crystalloids

141
Q

roughly what day does the conceptus enter the uterus

A

5 days except pigs- day 2.

142
Q

what is the MROP of cows

A

bovine interferon

143
Q

at what day is equine feti immobilized

A

day 16

144
Q

what is the mrop of swine

A

estradiol

145
Q

what is taking over for the CL in horses

A

endometrial cups making ECG

146
Q

mrop for mares

A

rolling around in the uterus

147
Q

important for brain and neuro development and retinal development

A

DHA

148
Q

when do we start gestation diets in dogs

A

4 weeks

149
Q

what are the water requirements for pregnant animals

A

120 ml/kg

150
Q

mastitis is associated with ____conditioned dogs

A

overconditioned or obese animals

151
Q

lactation dietary intake is ____ % BW

A

2.5x

152
Q

what is the most demanding life stage

A

1 month into lactation

153
Q

when do endometrial cups form and why do we care

A

35d we need to get rid of twins prior to this

154
Q

when do you have to go to cervical dislocation instead of manual reduction

A

60-120d

155
Q

most common bacti in a dog pyometra

A

e coli

156
Q

most commonly associated in mares post mating

A

endometritis

157
Q

most problematic brucella for humans

A

B. melitensis

158
Q

what brucella is no issue to humans

A

B. ovis

159
Q

c. fetus venerealis causes what

A

infertility in cows and some sporadic abortion

160
Q

what causes abortion in sheep thats a bacteria

A

c. fetus fetus

161
Q

fetal milk liver spots in ruminants

A

listeria monocytogenes

162
Q

antibiotics safe for use in pregnancy

A

beta lactam
lincosamides
macrolides

163
Q

feti are most susceptible to organogenesis when

A

1st trimester

164
Q

abortion goal in LA

A

<5%

165
Q

ovsynch

A

gnrh- (7d)pgf2a- (9d)gnrh-then breed

166
Q

what is cosynch

A

giving gnrh and breeding roughly 60 hours post PGF lysing

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