final exam jumbo Flashcards
1
Q
in dogs at what day gestation do you make them carry full term or spay and cant abort
A
day 40
2
Q
intact cat less than 2 y/o wiwth proliferation of mammary tissue
A
likely FEH, could be neoplasia
OHE is curative
3
Q
when can we diagnose a SA pregnancy with the ultrasound
A
day 28 (post ovulation)
4
Q
what HR is conisdered too much stress and we move to c section in SA
A
less than 150
5
Q
how do you feed a pregnant bitch vs queen
A
bitch: increase feed in last 3 weeks of pregnancy
queen: increase every week starting at breeding
6
Q
what cytology supports puppy vaginitis. what is the thing to remember about it
A
nondegen neuts, maybe bacti
do not spay until resolved
7
Q
what do we think about when we see adult intact vaginitis
A
viral, bacterial, anatomical
8
Q
perivulvar dermatitis is most common in who
A
prepubertal spays
9
Q
uterus filled with fluid, older intact dog, increase uterine gland size
A
cystic endometrial hyperplasia
10
Q
what is the treatment for CEH
A
irreversible. if issue, OHE
11
Q
when we have an intact bitch that ADR what is always on our list
A
PYO
12
Q
what is our treatment of choice for initial treatment of a pyo
A
clavamox
13
Q
what is our rule for trying to medically manage a pyoderma in a dog
A
if not improving in 48hr post treatment, bad sign
very expensive
important to breed next cycle
14
Q
castrated males are more at risk for ___________ while intact males are more at risk for _______________
A
castrated- prostatic neoplasia
intact BPH- prostatitis
15
Q
what is our drug of choice for prostatitis
A
enrofloxacin. crosses the prostatic barrier
16
Q
what are the two SA prostatic neoplasia
A
adenocarcinoma and TCC
17
Q
ddx between prostatitis and neoplasia
A
neoplasia- castrated, asymmetric no sulcus
18
Q
prognosis of prostate cancer
A
poor prog, high met rate, aggressive. sx does not increase MST
19
Q
what is the most common testicular neoplasia in cryptorchids
A
sertoli cell
20
Q
how do we diagnose testicular neoplasia
A
preputial smear!!!!! look for superficial epithelial cells (estrogen influence)
21
Q
if we have a cryptorchid we expect LH levels to be ____, AMH to be _____ and prostate size to be _____
A
LH- low
AMH- high
prostate size- large
22
Q
if we see orchitis or epididymitis what should be on our ddx
A
b. canis
23
Q
what species cannot have grizeofulvin while pregnant
A
dog, cat horse
24
Q
what abx can we not give to pregnant cats and dogs
A
tetracyclines
25
if we suspect viral abortions what do we send to path
fetus, placenta, and maternal serum
26
viral porcine abortion greater than 90 days gestation. piglet weak with resp disease
PRRSV
27
pig abortion less than 70 days gestation. SMEDI signs
porcine parvovirus
28
smedi signs in a cat
feline panleuk (parvo)
29
bovine cluster abortions greater than 4 mo (viral cause)
herpesvirus
30
what causes abortion in sheep most likely after a vax for this virus
blue tongue
31
what virus causes still birth in equine with no CS in the dam
EHV
32
what virus in equine causes the dam to have a fever and nasal discharge and also abort
EVA
33
which viruses can cause an abortion in cattle
herpes, BVD, cashe valley virus
34
if you see a parasitic abortion in a sheep what is your number one ddx
toxoplasma gondii
35
if you see a parasitic abortion in cattle what is your number one ddx
neospora caninum
36
who is the DH of toxoplasma gondii
cats.
37
what is the cut off date of ingestion for toxoplasma gondii to either see abortion or "apparently healthy" neonates in small ruminants
155d
38
how do we diagnose parasitic abortions in ruminants
serial serology. 4x increase of IgG
39
what parasitic abortion can backyard pigs get
toxoplasma gondii
40
focal well demarcated, soft tan testicular tumor
leydig cell tumor
41
multilobular, grey white, fibrous tissue, firm testicular tumor
sertoli cell tumor
42
how does a seminoma compare to sertoli and leydig cell tumors
it is soft like a leydig cell, but grey/white and nodular like sertoli cell.
it also has lymphocytic infultrate.
43
what causes gynocomastia in a male dog
estrogen. usually estrogen secreting tumors of the testicles.
44
SCC on the penis is associated with what virus in horses
equine papillomavirus 2
45
what cell type is a Transmissible venerial tumor
histiocytic
46
what does adventitious placentation lead to
hydrops allantois
47
what is the difference between toxoplasma lesions on the placenta and brucella placentitis
toxo: cotyledonary necrosis only
brucella: diffuse placental lesion shag like and dull.
48
length of cord for equine umbilical cord torsion
>83 cm
49
bulls eye multifocal hepatic necrosis of the lamb
camphylobacter fetus
50
what causes mummys
viruses. because non-lytic
51
what is the main trigger for parturition
fetal stress causing cortisol release
52
how do we predict parturition in a mare
milk calcium above 200 and more acidic milk
53
how do we predict parturition in dogs
fetal peristalsis on AUS and rectal temp drops
54
who is not CL dependent in pregnancy
cow, sheep, horse.
55
what are the three fetal causes of dystocia
hormonal deficiency
fetomateral mismatch
fetal death - no cortisol
56
what are the generic steps to deal with a dystocia
prep for C section in case
vaginal/clean exam- reposition if necessary and check for fergie
+- rectal exam
57
when can you induce a camelid
usually dont. but if HR is less than 50 BPM do it
58
dystocia in cow: amion is broken and cervix is dilated. what do you do
give 30 min and wait for progress.
59
what makes milk fat (VFAs)
acetate and butyrate
60
what is the brix cut off for adequate colostrum
>22%
or 50g/L on refract
61
what are the four standard things you do in the clinic when working up a dystocia in a dog
talk money,
PE on mom (BG)
vaginal exam (fergie)
US - fetal viability
62
what do you do if there is a dog dystocia with no fergeson response
C section
63
what are the four main tx we can do for medical management of a SA dystocia
oxytocin, glucose PO, Ca gluconate (rare), lube and water 1:1 ratio
64
what are the four main reasons to opt for a small animal C section
no fergeson reflex
medical management fails
fetal HR <150 BPM
fetomateral mismatch
65
how long can we have active contractions with zero progress in a bitch before we elect to C section
1 hour
66
what is the female part of the lock tie
vestibular bulb
67
what vestibular glands does the queen have
major only.
68
what is in the spermatocord
testicular van, testicular lymph
ductus deferens
69
who has a longer preprostatic urethra: dog or cat
cat
70
what are the two parts of the glans penis in a dog
bulbus glandis and pars longus glandis
71
granulosa cells make ____ and leydig cells make ____
G: estrogen
L: testosterone
72
what influences granulosa cells? leydig cells?
FSH stim granulosa cells
LH stim Leydig cells
73
what are the three stages of spermatogenesis
proliferation
meiosis
differentiation
74
how long does spermatogenesis occur
60 days
75
primary oocytes arrest development in what stage prior to puberty
meiosis 1 prophase 1
76
what restarts the maturation of the primary oocytes
GnRH at puberty causing an increase in FSH and LH
77
what causes an LH surge
the surge in Estradiol from the follicle
78
what causes oovulation (in a dog)
LH surge
79
what does progesterone cause the other hormones to do
decrease in LH and FSH
80
what causes luteal cells to differentiate to form the CL
rupture and CH formation
81
what is the main arterial supply to the penis
middle artery from the obturator a
82
what is the LN that drains the limbs and tail and abd and pelvic wall
medial iliac ln
83
what nerve causes an erection? what nerve fiber is it
pelvic nerve. parasympathetic
84
what nerve causes ejaculation? what nerve fiber is it
hypogastric n, sympathetic
85
what nerve gives us voluntary control of peeing
pudendal nerve- somatic
86
what is the arterial supply to the urinary bladder
umbilical and caudal vesicle
87
why is it hard to regulate porcine reproduction
they have only one follicular wave with lots of follicles
88
how long is estrus in a cow? which cow has a shorter estrus
roughly 15 hours. diary is shorter
89
how does a pseudopreg and a pregnancy compare in a cat
pseudopreg is 40 days while actual pregnancy is 60 days
90
how long is estrus in a cat
around 2 weeks
91
in a dog what is happening in the second half of diestrus to maintain the CL
prolactin!
92
bitches________ their follicles
prelutenize. meaning progesterone starts to rise before ovulation
93
how long is estrus and proestrus in a bitch
both around 9 days
94
where is the sperm deposited in a horse?
cervix
95
where is the semen deposited in a dog
uterus. weird one
96
which sperm usually live to see the egg fast or slow sperm
slow
97
sperm need to be ______ to be able to fertilize
capacitated
98
when does the acrosomal reaction occur in sperm
when they bind to the ZP
99
what animals have vertical testes
bull ram buck
100
what is our scrotal circumference for adults
34
101
what animal do we do EEJ under anesthesia only and usually do gloved hand
boars (and technically big cats)
102
in the eosin nigrosin stain what color are alive sperm
white
103
what is the most important characteristic of sperm
morphology
104
for a bull to pass their BSE they need to have ___% of normal morphology of sperm
70%
105
what is the first sac to rupture in labor
alantoic cavity
106
how many layers are there in a ruminant placenta plus mom (elnady question idk)
6 layers total. all animals except carnivores have 6
107
the marginal hematoma around the placenta is a source of what for the baby
iron
108
a small region of the distal urethra is formed by invagination of____
ectoderm. the rest is endoderm
109
the urinary system is mainly ____derm
mesoderm
110
modern adult permanent kidney
metanephros
111
primitive kidney not functional in higher vertebrates
pronephros
112
what separates the cloaca fromimg the hind gut and allantois
urorectal septum and mesoderm
113
the whole bladder is ___derm except for the trigone that is ____derm
bladder; endoderm
trigone: mesoderm
114
what renal anomaly is common in the pig
metanephrogenic blastema
115
ectopic ureters cause urinary incont in ___-
females
116
what causes the decrease in FSH as the dominant follicle emerges
inhibin
117
how many breedings needed in a cat to ensure 100% ovulation
4
118
toned cervix and moderate tone in the uterus of a horse supports what stage of their cycle
diestrus
119
soft cervix and moderate uterine tone with a 40 mm follicle is what stage (horse)
estrus
120
what can we not use to supress estrus in a horse
synthetic progestogens do not work
121
if we accidentally bred two horses how many days do we have to wait before we can lyse
14 days then lyse with lutalyse or cloprostenol
122
what drug induces ovulation in a horse
LH - deslorelin
123
vesicular glands are _______ to the ampulla of the horse
caudolateral
124
the broad ligament is on the ______ side of the uterus of a horse
dorsal (ventral in cows)
125
what type of folds are in a equine cervix
longitudinal
126
what contagious bacteria is harbored in the equine clitoral fossa
taylorella equigenitalis (eradicated)
127
what cells do we expect in estrus cytology
superficial epithelial cells and really nothing else
128
when does mounting behavior occur (standing estrus)
at the cross roads of estrogen dropping and progesterone increasing
129
in a vaginal cytology when is the only time you should see lots of neutrophils
diestral shift or pyometra
130
if progesterone in a dog is 2 ng/ml what does this mean
LH peak
131
when does ovulation begin in a dog in relation to LH
24-48 hours post LH peak
132
how long does ovulation take in a bitch
24-48 hours.
133
when does fertilization occur in a dog in relation to LH peak
3-6 days post peak
134
what does brucellosis do in a dog
causes canine abortions. and orchititis
135
what does a vaginal cytology look like in proestrus
superficial epi cells
RBC
few PMN
debris.
NON receptive to males
136
probability calculation that is more important than penetrance when talking about genetic inheritance
at risk
137
how long is diestrus in a horse
14-16 days
138
what animals have a superficial noninvasive placenta that easily separates
all animals except carnivores
139
the amnion and chorion do not fuse in what two species
dog and horse
140
if less than 20% blood loss what fluid do you use
crystalloids
141
roughly what day does the conceptus enter the uterus
5 days except pigs- day 2.
142
what is the MROP of cows
bovine interferon
143
at what day is equine feti immobilized
day 16
144
what is the mrop of swine
estradiol
145
what is taking over for the CL in horses
endometrial cups making ECG
146
mrop for mares
rolling around in the uterus
147
important for brain and neuro development and retinal development
DHA
148
when do we start gestation diets in dogs
4 weeks
149
what are the water requirements for pregnant animals
120 ml/kg
150
mastitis is associated with ____conditioned dogs
overconditioned or obese animals
151
lactation dietary intake is ____ % BW
2.5x
152
what is the most demanding life stage
1 month into lactation
153
when do endometrial cups form and why do we care
35d we need to get rid of twins prior to this
154
when do you have to go to cervical dislocation instead of manual reduction
60-120d
155
most common bacti in a dog pyometra
e coli
156
most commonly associated in mares post mating
endometritis
157
most problematic brucella for humans
B. melitensis
158
what brucella is no issue to humans
B. ovis
159
c. fetus venerealis causes what
infertility in cows and some sporadic abortion
160
what causes abortion in sheep thats a bacteria
c. fetus fetus
161
fetal milk liver spots in ruminants
listeria monocytogenes
162
antibiotics safe for use in pregnancy
beta lactam
lincosamides
macrolides
163
feti are most susceptible to organogenesis when
1st trimester
164
abortion goal in LA
<5%
165
ovsynch
gnrh- (7d)pgf2a- (9d)gnrh-then breed
166
what is cosynch
giving gnrh and breeding roughly 60 hours post PGF lysing
