final exam jumbo Flashcards
in dogs at what day gestation do you make them carry full term or spay and cant abort
day 40
intact cat less than 2 y/o wiwth proliferation of mammary tissue
likely FEH, could be neoplasia
OHE is curative
when can we diagnose a SA pregnancy with the ultrasound
day 28 (post ovulation)
what HR is conisdered too much stress and we move to c section in SA
less than 150
how do you feed a pregnant bitch vs queen
bitch: increase feed in last 3 weeks of pregnancy
queen: increase every week starting at breeding
what cytology supports puppy vaginitis. what is the thing to remember about it
nondegen neuts, maybe bacti
do not spay until resolved
what do we think about when we see adult intact vaginitis
viral, bacterial, anatomical
perivulvar dermatitis is most common in who
prepubertal spays
uterus filled with fluid, older intact dog, increase uterine gland size
cystic endometrial hyperplasia
what is the treatment for CEH
irreversible. if issue, OHE
when we have an intact bitch that ADR what is always on our list
PYO
what is our treatment of choice for initial treatment of a pyo
clavamox
what is our rule for trying to medically manage a pyoderma in a dog
if not improving in 48hr post treatment, bad sign
very expensive
important to breed next cycle
castrated males are more at risk for ___________ while intact males are more at risk for _______________
castrated- prostatic neoplasia
intact BPH- prostatitis
what is our drug of choice for prostatitis
enrofloxacin. crosses the prostatic barrier
what are the two SA prostatic neoplasia
adenocarcinoma and TCC
ddx between prostatitis and neoplasia
neoplasia- castrated, asymmetric no sulcus
prognosis of prostate cancer
poor prog, high met rate, aggressive. sx does not increase MST
what is the most common testicular neoplasia in cryptorchids
sertoli cell
how do we diagnose testicular neoplasia
preputial smear!!!!! look for superficial epithelial cells (estrogen influence)
if we have a cryptorchid we expect LH levels to be ____, AMH to be _____ and prostate size to be _____
LH- low
AMH- high
prostate size- large
if we see orchitis or epididymitis what should be on our ddx
b. canis
what species cannot have grizeofulvin while pregnant
dog, cat horse
what abx can we not give to pregnant cats and dogs
tetracyclines
if we suspect viral abortions what do we send to path
fetus, placenta, and maternal serum
viral porcine abortion greater than 90 days gestation. piglet weak with resp disease
PRRSV
pig abortion less than 70 days gestation. SMEDI signs
porcine parvovirus
smedi signs in a cat
feline panleuk (parvo)
bovine cluster abortions greater than 4 mo (viral cause)
herpesvirus
what causes abortion in sheep most likely after a vax for this virus
blue tongue
what virus causes still birth in equine with no CS in the dam
EHV
what virus in equine causes the dam to have a fever and nasal discharge and also abort
EVA
which viruses can cause an abortion in cattle
herpes, BVD, cashe valley virus
if you see a parasitic abortion in a sheep what is your number one ddx
toxoplasma gondii
if you see a parasitic abortion in cattle what is your number one ddx
neospora caninum
who is the DH of toxoplasma gondii
cats.
what is the cut off date of ingestion for toxoplasma gondii to either see abortion or “apparently healthy” neonates in small ruminants
155d
how do we diagnose parasitic abortions in ruminants
serial serology. 4x increase of IgG
what parasitic abortion can backyard pigs get
toxoplasma gondii
focal well demarcated, soft tan testicular tumor
leydig cell tumor
multilobular, grey white, fibrous tissue, firm testicular tumor
sertoli cell tumor
how does a seminoma compare to sertoli and leydig cell tumors
it is soft like a leydig cell, but grey/white and nodular like sertoli cell.
it also has lymphocytic infultrate.
what causes gynocomastia in a male dog
estrogen. usually estrogen secreting tumors of the testicles.
SCC on the penis is associated with what virus in horses
equine papillomavirus 2
what cell type is a Transmissible venerial tumor
histiocytic
what does adventitious placentation lead to
hydrops allantois
what is the difference between toxoplasma lesions on the placenta and brucella placentitis
toxo: cotyledonary necrosis only
brucella: diffuse placental lesion shag like and dull.
length of cord for equine umbilical cord torsion
> 83 cm
bulls eye multifocal hepatic necrosis of the lamb
camphylobacter fetus
what causes mummys
viruses. because non-lytic
what is the main trigger for parturition
fetal stress causing cortisol release
how do we predict parturition in a mare
milk calcium above 200 and more acidic milk
how do we predict parturition in dogs
fetal peristalsis on AUS and rectal temp drops
who is not CL dependent in pregnancy
cow, sheep, horse.
what are the three fetal causes of dystocia
hormonal deficiency
fetomateral mismatch
fetal death - no cortisol
what are the generic steps to deal with a dystocia
prep for C section in case
vaginal/clean exam- reposition if necessary and check for fergie
+- rectal exam
when can you induce a camelid
usually dont. but if HR is less than 50 BPM do it
dystocia in cow: amion is broken and cervix is dilated. what do you do
give 30 min and wait for progress.
what makes milk fat (VFAs)
acetate and butyrate
what is the brix cut off for adequate colostrum
> 22%
or 50g/L on refract
what are the four standard things you do in the clinic when working up a dystocia in a dog
talk money,
PE on mom (BG)
vaginal exam (fergie)
US - fetal viability
what do you do if there is a dog dystocia with no fergeson response
C section
what are the four main tx we can do for medical management of a SA dystocia
oxytocin, glucose PO, Ca gluconate (rare), lube and water 1:1 ratio
what are the four main reasons to opt for a small animal C section
no fergeson reflex
medical management fails
fetal HR <150 BPM
fetomateral mismatch
how long can we have active contractions with zero progress in a bitch before we elect to C section
1 hour
what is the female part of the lock tie
vestibular bulb
what vestibular glands does the queen have
major only.
what is in the spermatocord
testicular van, testicular lymph
ductus deferens
who has a longer preprostatic urethra: dog or cat
cat
what are the two parts of the glans penis in a dog
bulbus glandis and pars longus glandis
granulosa cells make ____ and leydig cells make ____
G: estrogen
L: testosterone
what influences granulosa cells? leydig cells?
FSH stim granulosa cells
LH stim Leydig cells
what are the three stages of spermatogenesis
proliferation
meiosis
differentiation
how long does spermatogenesis occur
60 days
primary oocytes arrest development in what stage prior to puberty
meiosis 1 prophase 1
what restarts the maturation of the primary oocytes
GnRH at puberty causing an increase in FSH and LH
what causes an LH surge
the surge in Estradiol from the follicle
what causes oovulation (in a dog)
LH surge
what does progesterone cause the other hormones to do
decrease in LH and FSH
what causes luteal cells to differentiate to form the CL
rupture and CH formation
what is the main arterial supply to the penis
middle artery from the obturator a
what is the LN that drains the limbs and tail and abd and pelvic wall
medial iliac ln
what nerve causes an erection? what nerve fiber is it
pelvic nerve. parasympathetic
what nerve causes ejaculation? what nerve fiber is it
hypogastric n, sympathetic
what nerve gives us voluntary control of peeing
pudendal nerve- somatic
what is the arterial supply to the urinary bladder
umbilical and caudal vesicle
why is it hard to regulate porcine reproduction
they have only one follicular wave with lots of follicles
how long is estrus in a cow? which cow has a shorter estrus
roughly 15 hours. diary is shorter
how does a pseudopreg and a pregnancy compare in a cat
pseudopreg is 40 days while actual pregnancy is 60 days
how long is estrus in a cat
around 2 weeks
in a dog what is happening in the second half of diestrus to maintain the CL
prolactin!
bitches________ their follicles
prelutenize. meaning progesterone starts to rise before ovulation
how long is estrus and proestrus in a bitch
both around 9 days
where is the sperm deposited in a horse?
cervix
where is the semen deposited in a dog
uterus. weird one
which sperm usually live to see the egg fast or slow sperm
slow
sperm need to be ______ to be able to fertilize
capacitated
when does the acrosomal reaction occur in sperm
when they bind to the ZP
what animals have vertical testes
bull ram buck
what is our scrotal circumference for adults
34
what animal do we do EEJ under anesthesia only and usually do gloved hand
boars (and technically big cats)
in the eosin nigrosin stain what color are alive sperm
white
what is the most important characteristic of sperm
morphology
for a bull to pass their BSE they need to have ___% of normal morphology of sperm
70%
what is the first sac to rupture in labor
alantoic cavity
how many layers are there in a ruminant placenta plus mom (elnady question idk)
6 layers total. all animals except carnivores have 6
the marginal hematoma around the placenta is a source of what for the baby
iron
a small region of the distal urethra is formed by invagination of____
ectoderm. the rest is endoderm
the urinary system is mainly ____derm
mesoderm
modern adult permanent kidney
metanephros
primitive kidney not functional in higher vertebrates
pronephros
what separates the cloaca fromimg the hind gut and allantois
urorectal septum and mesoderm
the whole bladder is ___derm except for the trigone that is ____derm
bladder; endoderm
trigone: mesoderm
what renal anomaly is common in the pig
metanephrogenic blastema
ectopic ureters cause urinary incont in ___-
females
what causes the decrease in FSH as the dominant follicle emerges
inhibin
how many breedings needed in a cat to ensure 100% ovulation
4
toned cervix and moderate tone in the uterus of a horse supports what stage of their cycle
diestrus
soft cervix and moderate uterine tone with a 40 mm follicle is what stage (horse)
estrus
what can we not use to supress estrus in a horse
synthetic progestogens do not work
if we accidentally bred two horses how many days do we have to wait before we can lyse
14 days then lyse with lutalyse or cloprostenol
what drug induces ovulation in a horse
LH - deslorelin
vesicular glands are _______ to the ampulla of the horse
caudolateral
the broad ligament is on the ______ side of the uterus of a horse
dorsal (ventral in cows)
what type of folds are in a equine cervix
longitudinal
what contagious bacteria is harbored in the equine clitoral fossa
taylorella equigenitalis (eradicated)
what cells do we expect in estrus cytology
superficial epithelial cells and really nothing else
when does mounting behavior occur (standing estrus)
at the cross roads of estrogen dropping and progesterone increasing
in a vaginal cytology when is the only time you should see lots of neutrophils
diestral shift or pyometra
if progesterone in a dog is 2 ng/ml what does this mean
LH peak
when does ovulation begin in a dog in relation to LH
24-48 hours post LH peak
how long does ovulation take in a bitch
24-48 hours.
when does fertilization occur in a dog in relation to LH peak
3-6 days post peak
what does brucellosis do in a dog
causes canine abortions. and orchititis
what does a vaginal cytology look like in proestrus
superficial epi cells
RBC
few PMN
debris.
NON receptive to males
probability calculation that is more important than penetrance when talking about genetic inheritance
at risk
how long is diestrus in a horse
14-16 days
what animals have a superficial noninvasive placenta that easily separates
all animals except carnivores
the amnion and chorion do not fuse in what two species
dog and horse
if less than 20% blood loss what fluid do you use
crystalloids
roughly what day does the conceptus enter the uterus
5 days except pigs- day 2.
what is the MROP of cows
bovine interferon
at what day is equine feti immobilized
day 16
what is the mrop of swine
estradiol
what is taking over for the CL in horses
endometrial cups making ECG
mrop for mares
rolling around in the uterus
important for brain and neuro development and retinal development
DHA
when do we start gestation diets in dogs
4 weeks
what are the water requirements for pregnant animals
120 ml/kg
mastitis is associated with ____conditioned dogs
overconditioned or obese animals
lactation dietary intake is ____ % BW
2.5x
what is the most demanding life stage
1 month into lactation
when do endometrial cups form and why do we care
35d we need to get rid of twins prior to this
when do you have to go to cervical dislocation instead of manual reduction
60-120d
most common bacti in a dog pyometra
e coli
most commonly associated in mares post mating
endometritis
most problematic brucella for humans
B. melitensis
what brucella is no issue to humans
B. ovis
c. fetus venerealis causes what
infertility in cows and some sporadic abortion
what causes abortion in sheep thats a bacteria
c. fetus fetus
fetal milk liver spots in ruminants
listeria monocytogenes
antibiotics safe for use in pregnancy
beta lactam
lincosamides
macrolides
feti are most susceptible to organogenesis when
1st trimester
abortion goal in LA
<5%
ovsynch
gnrh- (7d)pgf2a- (9d)gnrh-then breed
what is cosynch
giving gnrh and breeding roughly 60 hours post PGF lysing
