PHARMA EXAM Flashcards
*AMOXICILLIN
Amoxicillin
Use/Indication:
- Bacterial infections (e.g., respiratory, ear, urinary tract)
Route(s):
- Oral
Side effects:
- Nausea, diarrhea, rash, allergic reactions
Contraindications:
- penicillin allergy
Cautions:
- Caution in renal impairment
- Monitor for signs of superinfection or allergic reactions
*OMEPRAZOLE
Use/Indication: GERD, peptic ulcers,
Route(s): Oral, IV
Side effects: Headache, nausea, diarrhoea, abdo pain
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity (Allergy), liver impairment
Cautions/Nursing Considerations: Monitor liver function, give 30 min before meals
Use cautiously in pregnancy and breastfeeding
*MORPHINE
Morphine
Use/Indication:
- Severe pain relief
Route(s):
- Oral, IV, IM, subcutaneous
Side effects:
- Sedation, constipation, nausea, LOW respiratory rate
Contraindications:
- Respiratory depression, acute abdominal conditions, hypersensitivity
Cautions:
- Monitor for respiratory depression, especially with high doses
- Caution in elderly, renal/hepatic impairment, and opioid tolerance
*SODIUM VALPROATE
Use/Indication: Epilepsy, bipolar disorder, migraine prevention
Route(s): Oral, IV
Side effects: Drowsiness, nausea, tremor, weight gain, liver toxicity
Contraindications: Hepatic impairment, urea cycle disorders, pregnancy (unless necessary)
Cautions: Monitor liver function, especially in the first 6 months in pregnancy (teratogenic) and with other CNS depressants
*PARACETAMOL
Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)
Use/Indication:
- Pain relief, fever reduction
Route(s):
- Oral, IV
Side effects:
- Liver toxicity (in overdose), rash (rare)
Contraindications:
- Severe liver disease, hypersensitivity
Cautions:
- Weight of patient (under 50kg)
- Avoid alcohol use, monitor liver function with prolonged use
- Caution in renal impairment
*PREDNIDSOLONE
Prednisolone
Use/Indication:
- Inflammation, autoimmune disorders, allergies
Route(s):
- Oral, IV, IM
Side effects:
- Weight gain, fluid retention, increased blood sugar, mood changes
Contraindications:
- Systemic fungal infections, live vaccines
Cautions:
- Monitor for signs of infection, blood sugar, and bone health
- Taper dosage to avoid withdrawal symptoms
*IBUPROFEN
Ibuprofen
Use/Indication:
- Pain relief, inflammation, fever
Route(s):
- Oral, IV
Side effects:
- Stomach upset, gastrointestinal bleeding
Contraindications:
- Active peptic ulcer, severe renal or liver impairment
Cautions:
- Use lowest dose for shortest duration
- Caution in cardiovascular, GI, and renal conditions
*SALBUTAMOL
Salbutamol
Use/Indication:
- Asthma, COPD (bronchodilator), used for hyperkalaemia (shifts into cells)
Route(s):
- Inhalation (MDI, nebulizer), oral
Side effects:
- Tremor, tachycardia, headache, nervousness
Contraindications:
- Hypersensitivity
Cautions:
- Use cautiously in heart disease or hypertension
- Overuse may lead to decreased effectiveness and increased side effects
*CITALOPRAM
Use/Indication:
- Depression, anxiety
Route(s):
- Oral
Side effects:
- Nausea, insomnia, sexual dysfunction, dry mouth
Contraindications:
- Hypersensitivity, MAO inhibitors
Cautions:
- Monitor for suicidal thoughts, QT prolongation risk
*SERTRALINE
Use/Indication:
- Depression, anxiety, OCD, PTSD
Route(s):
- Oral
Side effects:
- Nausea, insomnia, sexual dysfunction, headache
Contraindications:
- poorly controlled epilepsy Hypersensitivity,
Cautions:
- Monitor for suicidal thoughts, serotonin syndrome risk with other serotonergic drugs
ADHERENCE
-how well patients follows treatment plan with healthcare professional
- i.e taking right dose, time and way (adherence)
COMPLIANCE
degree at which patient obeys healthcare professionals recommendations
- not involved in decision making process
CONCORDANCE
collaborative/shared decision making between patient and healthcare professional
COVERT ADMINISTRATION
medication given to patient without their knowledge or consent
- for lack of capacity patients dementia after ethical/legal consideration
MENTAL CAPACITY ACT
States a patient lacks capacity if:
No understanding, retain or use info (dementia reviewed by specialist)
non-malificence
beneficence
autonomy
justice
non-malificence - cause no harm - do no harm to patients risks/benefits etc
beneficence - do good acting in best interests
autonomy - patients own decision about healthcare informed consent etc
justice - fairness between patient and healthcare - equality
ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP
strategy to promote responsible use of antibiotic drugs
-prevents misuse/overuse
-reduce AMR - which increases treatment failure
-effective treatments for infections
-reduce side effects/prevent harm
5 moments hygeine
patient isolation
education for patient/docs
auditing
ADVERSE REACTION TYPES
TYPE A: Augmented (expected effects)drowsiness from morphine, tachy from salbutamol)
TYPE B: bizzare unpredictable (ANAphylaxis, Lupus)
TYPE C: chronic (liver damage /scarring)
TYPE D: delayed (skin changes/cancer) longterm meds
TYPE E: end of use (withdrawal symptoms anxious)
FIRST PASS EFFECT
How the drug is metabolised by the liver after it is absorbed from GI tract to the circulation system 1. liver where enzymes metabolises it reducing its concentration before enters bloodstream (most of GIT takes part of the drug less drug in circuit system)
PHARMACOKINETICS
What the body does to the drug
absorbed distributed metabolised and excreted
PHARMADYNAMICS
What the drug does to the body
chemical and physical effects
Cellular and molecular level i.e. receptors acting etc
AGONIST
Activates receptor to produce chemical response
ANTAGONIST
Blocks the receptor and chemical reaction from happening
