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Pharmacology > EXAM > Flashcards

EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

*AMOXICILLIN

A

Amoxicillin

Use/Indication:
- Bacterial infections (e.g., respiratory, ear, urinary tract)

Route(s):
- Oral

Side effects:
- Nausea, diarrhea, rash, allergic reactions

Contraindications:
- Hypersensitivity to penicillin

Cautions:
- Caution in renal impairment
- Monitor for signs of superinfection or allergic reactions

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2
Q

*OMEPRAZOLE

A

Use/Indication: GERD, peptic ulcers,

Route(s): Oral, IV

Side effects: Headache, nausea, diarrhoea, abdo pain

Contraindications: Hypersensitivity (Allergy), liver impairment

Cautions/Nursing Considerations: Monitor liver function, give 30 min before meals
Use cautiously in pregnancy and breastfeeding

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3
Q

*MORPHINE

A

Morphine

Use/Indication:
- Severe pain relief

Route(s):
- Oral, IV, IM, subcutaneous

Side effects:
- Sedation, constipation, nausea, respiratory depression

Contraindications:
- Respiratory depression, acute abdominal conditions, hypersensitivity

Cautions:
- Monitor for respiratory depression, especially with high doses
- Caution in elderly, renal/hepatic impairment, and opioid tolerance

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4
Q

*SODIUM VALPROATE

A

Use/Indication: Epilepsy, bipolar disorder, migraine prevention

Route(s): Oral, IV

Side effects: Drowsiness, nausea, tremor, weight gain, liver toxicity

Contraindications: Hepatic impairment, urea cycle disorders, pregnancy (unless necessary)

Cautions: Monitor liver function, especially in the first 6 months in pregnancy (teratogenic) and with other CNS depressants

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5
Q

*PARACETAMOL

A

Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)

Use/Indication:
- Pain relief, fever reduction

Route(s):
- Oral, IV

Side effects:
- Liver toxicity (in overdose), rash (rare)

Contraindications:
- Severe liver disease, hypersensitivity

Cautions:
- Weight of patient (under 50kg)
- Avoid alcohol use, monitor liver function with prolonged use
- Caution in renal impairment

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6
Q

*PREDNIDSOLONE

A

Prednisolone

Use/Indication:
- Inflammation, autoimmune disorders, allergies

Route(s):
- Oral, IV, IM

Side effects:
- Weight gain, fluid retention, increased blood sugar, mood changes

Contraindications:
- Systemic fungal infections, live vaccines

Cautions:
- Monitor for signs of infection, blood sugar, and bone health
- Taper dosage to avoid withdrawal symptoms

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7
Q

*IBUPROFEN

A

Ibuprofen

Use/Indication:
- Pain relief, inflammation, fever

Route(s):
- Oral, IV

Side effects:
- Stomach upset, gastrointestinal bleeding

Contraindications:
- Active peptic ulcer, severe renal or liver impairment

Cautions:
- Use lowest dose for shortest duration
- Caution in cardiovascular, GI, and renal conditions

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8
Q

*SALBUTAMOL

A

Salbutamol

Use/Indication:
- Asthma, COPD (bronchodilator), used for hyperkalaemia (shifts into cells)

Route(s):
- Inhalation (MDI, nebulizer), oral

Side effects:
- Tremor, tachycardia, headache, nervousness

Contraindications:
- Hypersensitivity

Cautions:
- Use cautiously in heart disease or hypertension
- Overuse may lead to decreased effectiveness and increased side effects

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9
Q

*CITALOPRAM

A

Use/Indication:
- Depression, anxiety

Route(s):
- Oral

Side effects:
- Nausea, insomnia, sexual dysfunction, dry mouth

Contraindications:
- Hypersensitivity, MAO inhibitors

Cautions:
- Monitor for suicidal thoughts, QT prolongation risk

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10
Q

*SERTRALINE

A

Use/Indication:
- Depression, anxiety, OCD, PTSD

Route(s):
- Oral

Side effects:
- Nausea, insomnia, sexual dysfunction, headache

Contraindications:
- poorly controlled epilepsy Hypersensitivity,

Cautions:
- Monitor for suicidal thoughts, serotonin syndrome risk with other serotonergic drugs

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11
Q

LANTUS

A

Lantus (Insulin Glargine)

Use/Indication:
- Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes (long-acting insulin)

Route(s):
- Subcutaneous

Side effects:
- Hypoglycemia, injection site reactions, weight gain

Contraindications:
- Hypersensitivity to insulin glargine

Cautions:
- Monitor blood glucose levels, especially during dose adjustments
- Avoid sudden changes in insulin or diet

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12
Q

RANITIDINE

A

Ranitidine

Use/Indication:
- GERD, peptic ulcers, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Route(s):
- Oral, IV

Side effects:
- Headache, dizziness, constipation, diarrhea

Contraindications:
- Hypersensitivity, acute porphyria

Cautions:
- Monitor for signs of gastrointestinal bleeding
- Caution in renal or hepatic impairment

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13
Q

QUETIAPINE

A

Use/Indication: Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression

Route(s): Oral

Side effects: Drowsiness, weight gain, dizziness, dry mouth

Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, severe CNS depression, coma

Cautions: Monitor for metabolic changes (e.g., weight, blood glucose)
Caution in elderly, heart disease, or risk of seizures

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14
Q

METOCLOPRAMIDE

A

Metoclopramide

Use/Indication:
- Nausea, vomiting, GERD, gastroparesis

Route(s):
- Oral, IV, IM

Side effects:
- Drowsiness, diarrhea, restlessness, tardive dyskinesia (long-term use)

Contraindications:
- GI obstruction, pheochromocytoma, seizures

Cautions:
- Monitor for extrapyramidal symptoms (e.g., tremors)
- Use cautiously in elderly and patients with Parkinson’s disease

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15
Q

TRIMETHOPRIM

A

Trimethoprim

Use/Indication:
- Urinary tract infections (UTIs), respiratory infections, prophylaxis for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

Route(s):
- Oral

Side effects:
- Nausea, rash, hyperkalemia, elevated liver enzymes

Contraindications:
- Hypersensitivity to trimethoprim, folate deficiency anemia

Cautions:
- Monitor renal function and potassium levels
- Caution in patients with liver disease or folate deficiency

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16
Q

GENTAMICIN

A

Gentamicin

Use/Indication:
- Serious bacterial infections (e.g., sepsis, pneumonia, urinary tract infections)

Route(s):
- IV, IM

Side effects:
- Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, dizziness, rash

Contraindications:
- Hypersensitivity to aminoglycosides, pregnancy (unless necessary)

Cautions:
- Monitor renal function and hearing
- Caution in elderly, impaired renal function, and dehydration

17
Q

METFORMIN

A

Metformin

Use/Indication:
- Type 2 diabetes

Route(s):
- Oral

Side effects:
- Nausea, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, lactic acidosis (rare)

Contraindications:
- Renal impairment, metabolic acidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis

Cautions:
- Monitor renal function regularly
- Discontinue before contrast imaging procedures with iodine

18
Q

NOVORAPID

A

NovoRapid (Insulin Aspart)

Use/Indication:
- Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes (rapid-acting insulin)

Route(s):
- Subcutaneous

Side effects:
- Hypoglycemia, injection site reactions, weight gain

Contraindications:
- Hypersensitivity to insulin aspart

Cautions:
- Monitor blood glucose closely, especially around meals
- Adjust doses during exercise, illness, or stress

19
Q

DIAZEPAM

A

Use/Indication:
- Anxiety, seizures, muscle spasms

Route(s):
- Oral, IV, IM

Side effects:
- Drowsiness, dizziness, confusion

Contraindications:
- Hypersensitivity, severe respiratory depression

Cautions:
- Monitor for respiratory depression, liver impairment, avoid alcohol

20
Q

DIGOXIN

A

Digoxin

Use/Indication:
- Heart failure, atrial fibrillation

Route(s):
- Oral, IV

Side effects:
- Nausea, fatigue, arrhythmias, visual disturbances

Contraindications:
- Ventricular fibrillation, hypersensitivity

Cautions:
- Monitor digoxin levels, renal function, and electrolytes
- Caution in renal impairment, elderly

21
Q

LANSOPRAZOLE

A

Lansoprazole

Use/Indication:
- GERD, peptic ulcers, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Route(s):
- Oral, IV

Side effects:
- Headache, diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain

Contraindications:
- Hypersensitivity to lansoprazole

Cautions:
- Monitor for signs of gastrointestinal bleeding
- Caution in liver disease, long-term use may affect B12 levels

22
Q

CLARITHROMYCIN

A

Clarithromycin

Use/Indication:
- Bacterial infections (e.g., respiratory, skin, H. pylori)

Route(s):
- Oral

Side effects:
- Nausea, diarrhea, metallic taste, abdominal pain

Contraindications:
- Hypersensitivity to macrolides, liver disease, concomitant use with certain drugs (e.g., cisapride)

Cautions:
- Caution in liver disease and arrhythmias
- Monitor for drug interactions (e.g., with statins or anticoagulants)

23
Q

ONDANSETRON

A

Ondansetron

Use/Indication:
- Nausea and vomiting (post-surgery, chemotherapy)

Route(s):
- Oral, IV, IM

Side effects:
- Headache, constipation, dizziness, QT prolongation

Contraindications:
- liver impairment, heart QT syndrome conditions

Cautions:
- Monitor ECG in patients with cardiac issues
- Caution in hepatic impairment and electrolyte imbalances

24
Q

FLUOXETINE

A

Use/Indication:
- Depression, anxiety, OCD

Route(s):
- Oral

Side effects:
- Nausea, insomnia, sexual dysfunction

Contraindications:
- Hypersensitivity, MAO inhibitors

Cautions:
- Monitor for suicidal thoughts, bleeding risk with anticoagulant

25
Q

DEXAMETHASONE

A

Dexamethasone

Use/Indication:
- Inflammation, allergic reactions, autoimmune disorders, severe asthma

Route(s):
- Oral, IV, IM

Side effects:
- Weight gain, fluid retention, mood swings, increased blood sugar

Contraindications:
- Systemic fungal infections, live vaccines

Cautions:
- Monitor for signs of infection, blood sugar, and bone health
- Taper dosage gradually to avoid withdrawal symptoms

26
Q

LORAZEPAM

A

Use/Indication: Anxiety, seizures, insomnia

Route(s):Oral, IV, IM

Side effects: Drowsiness, dizziness, confusion

Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, narrow-angle glaucoma, severe liver disease

Cautions: Monitor for respiratory depression
Caution in elderly, liver impairment, or history of substance abuse

27
Q

IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE

A

Ipratropium Bromide

Use/Indication:
- COPD, asthma (bronchodilator)

Route(s):
- Inhalation (MDI, nebulizer)

Side effects:
- Dry mouth, cough, dizziness, blurred vision

Contraindications:
- Hypersensitivity to atropine or its derivatives

Cautions:
- Caution in patients with glaucoma or urinary retention
- Monitor for anticholinergic effects

28
Q

BISOPROLOL

A

Bisoprolol

Use/Indication:
- Hypertension, heart failure, angina

Route(s):
- Oral

Side effects:
- Fatigue, dizziness, bradycardia, hypotension

Contraindications:
- Severe bradycardia, heart block, asthma, hypotension

Cautions:
- Monitor heart rate and blood pressure
- Caution in patients with respiratory or renal conditions

29
Q

CYCLIZINE

A

Cyclizine

Use/Indication:
- Motion sickness, nausea, vertigo

Route(s):
- Oral, IM, IV

Side effects:
- Drowsiness, dry mouth, blurred vision, dizziness

Contraindications:
- Hypersensitivity, glaucoma, urinary retention

Cautions:
- Caution in elderly, liver disease, and with other CNS depressants

30
Q

PHENYTOIN

A

Use/Indication:
- Seizure control (tonic-clonic, partial)

Route(s):
- Oral, IV

Side effects:
- Dizziness, gum hyperplasia, rash, ataxia

Contraindications:
- Hypersensitivity, bradycardia, heart block

Cautions:
- Monitor drug levels, liver function
- Caution in pregnancy (teratogenic)

31
Q

RAMIPRIL

A

Ramipril

Use/Indication:
- Hypertension, heart failure, post-myocardial infarction

Route(s):
- Oral

Side effects:
- Dizziness, cough, hyperkalemia, hypotension

Contraindications:
- Hypersensitivity to ACE inhibitors, pregnancy, bilateral renal artery stenosis

Cautions:
- Monitor blood pressure, renal function, and potassium levels
- Caution in patients with a history of angioedema

Pharmacology (2 decks)

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