EXAM Flashcards
*AMOXICILLIN
Amoxicillin
Use/Indication:
- Bacterial infections (e.g., respiratory, ear, urinary tract)
Route(s):
- Oral
Side effects:
- Nausea, diarrhea, rash, allergic reactions
Contraindications:
- Hypersensitivity to penicillin
Cautions:
- Caution in renal impairment
- Monitor for signs of superinfection or allergic reactions
*OMEPRAZOLE
Use/Indication: GERD, peptic ulcers,
Route(s): Oral, IV
Side effects: Headache, nausea, diarrhoea, abdo pain
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity (Allergy), liver impairment
Cautions/Nursing Considerations: Monitor liver function, give 30 min before meals
Use cautiously in pregnancy and breastfeeding
*MORPHINE
Morphine
Use/Indication:
- Severe pain relief
Route(s):
- Oral, IV, IM, subcutaneous
Side effects:
- Sedation, constipation, nausea, respiratory depression
Contraindications:
- Respiratory depression, acute abdominal conditions, hypersensitivity
Cautions:
- Monitor for respiratory depression, especially with high doses
- Caution in elderly, renal/hepatic impairment, and opioid tolerance
*SODIUM VALPROATE
Use/Indication: Epilepsy, bipolar disorder, migraine prevention
Route(s): Oral, IV
Side effects: Drowsiness, nausea, tremor, weight gain, liver toxicity
Contraindications: Hepatic impairment, urea cycle disorders, pregnancy (unless necessary)
Cautions: Monitor liver function, especially in the first 6 months in pregnancy (teratogenic) and with other CNS depressants
*PARACETAMOL
Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)
Use/Indication:
- Pain relief, fever reduction
Route(s):
- Oral, IV
Side effects:
- Liver toxicity (in overdose), rash (rare)
Contraindications:
- Severe liver disease, hypersensitivity
Cautions:
- Weight of patient (under 50kg)
- Avoid alcohol use, monitor liver function with prolonged use
- Caution in renal impairment
*PREDNIDSOLONE
Prednisolone
Use/Indication:
- Inflammation, autoimmune disorders, allergies
Route(s):
- Oral, IV, IM
Side effects:
- Weight gain, fluid retention, increased blood sugar, mood changes
Contraindications:
- Systemic fungal infections, live vaccines
Cautions:
- Monitor for signs of infection, blood sugar, and bone health
- Taper dosage to avoid withdrawal symptoms
*IBUPROFEN
Ibuprofen
Use/Indication:
- Pain relief, inflammation, fever
Route(s):
- Oral, IV
Side effects:
- Stomach upset, gastrointestinal bleeding
Contraindications:
- Active peptic ulcer, severe renal or liver impairment
Cautions:
- Use lowest dose for shortest duration
- Caution in cardiovascular, GI, and renal conditions
*SALBUTAMOL
Salbutamol
Use/Indication:
- Asthma, COPD (bronchodilator), used for hyperkalaemia (shifts into cells)
Route(s):
- Inhalation (MDI, nebulizer), oral
Side effects:
- Tremor, tachycardia, headache, nervousness
Contraindications:
- Hypersensitivity
Cautions:
- Use cautiously in heart disease or hypertension
- Overuse may lead to decreased effectiveness and increased side effects
*CITALOPRAM
Use/Indication:
- Depression, anxiety
Route(s):
- Oral
Side effects:
- Nausea, insomnia, sexual dysfunction, dry mouth
Contraindications:
- Hypersensitivity, MAO inhibitors
Cautions:
- Monitor for suicidal thoughts, QT prolongation risk
*SERTRALINE
Use/Indication:
- Depression, anxiety, OCD, PTSD
Route(s):
- Oral
Side effects:
- Nausea, insomnia, sexual dysfunction, headache
Contraindications:
- poorly controlled epilepsy Hypersensitivity,
Cautions:
- Monitor for suicidal thoughts, serotonin syndrome risk with other serotonergic drugs
LANTUS
Lantus (Insulin Glargine)
Use/Indication:
- Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes (long-acting insulin)
Route(s):
- Subcutaneous
Side effects:
- Hypoglycemia, injection site reactions, weight gain
Contraindications:
- Hypersensitivity to insulin glargine
Cautions:
- Monitor blood glucose levels, especially during dose adjustments
- Avoid sudden changes in insulin or diet
RANITIDINE
Ranitidine
Use/Indication:
- GERD, peptic ulcers, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Route(s):
- Oral, IV
Side effects:
- Headache, dizziness, constipation, diarrhea
Contraindications:
- Hypersensitivity, acute porphyria
Cautions:
- Monitor for signs of gastrointestinal bleeding
- Caution in renal or hepatic impairment
QUETIAPINE
Use/Indication: Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression
Route(s): Oral
Side effects: Drowsiness, weight gain, dizziness, dry mouth
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, severe CNS depression, coma
Cautions: Monitor for metabolic changes (e.g., weight, blood glucose)
Caution in elderly, heart disease, or risk of seizures
METOCLOPRAMIDE
Metoclopramide
Use/Indication:
- Nausea, vomiting, GERD, gastroparesis
Route(s):
- Oral, IV, IM
Side effects:
- Drowsiness, diarrhea, restlessness, tardive dyskinesia (long-term use)
Contraindications:
- GI obstruction, pheochromocytoma, seizures
Cautions:
- Monitor for extrapyramidal symptoms (e.g., tremors)
- Use cautiously in elderly and patients with Parkinson’s disease
TRIMETHOPRIM
Trimethoprim
Use/Indication:
- Urinary tract infections (UTIs), respiratory infections, prophylaxis for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
Route(s):
- Oral
Side effects:
- Nausea, rash, hyperkalemia, elevated liver enzymes
Contraindications:
- Hypersensitivity to trimethoprim, folate deficiency anemia
Cautions:
- Monitor renal function and potassium levels
- Caution in patients with liver disease or folate deficiency
GENTAMICIN
Gentamicin
Use/Indication:
- Serious bacterial infections (e.g., sepsis, pneumonia, urinary tract infections)
Route(s):
- IV, IM
Side effects:
- Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, dizziness, rash
Contraindications:
- Hypersensitivity to aminoglycosides, pregnancy (unless necessary)
Cautions:
- Monitor renal function and hearing
- Caution in elderly, impaired renal function, and dehydration
METFORMIN
Metformin
Use/Indication:
- Type 2 diabetes
Route(s):
- Oral
Side effects:
- Nausea, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, lactic acidosis (rare)
Contraindications:
- Renal impairment, metabolic acidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis
Cautions:
- Monitor renal function regularly
- Discontinue before contrast imaging procedures with iodine
NOVORAPID
NovoRapid (Insulin Aspart)
Use/Indication:
- Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes (rapid-acting insulin)
Route(s):
- Subcutaneous
Side effects:
- Hypoglycemia, injection site reactions, weight gain
Contraindications:
- Hypersensitivity to insulin aspart
Cautions:
- Monitor blood glucose closely, especially around meals
- Adjust doses during exercise, illness, or stress
DIAZEPAM
Use/Indication:
- Anxiety, seizures, muscle spasms
Route(s):
- Oral, IV, IM
Side effects:
- Drowsiness, dizziness, confusion
Contraindications:
- Hypersensitivity, severe respiratory depression
Cautions:
- Monitor for respiratory depression, liver impairment, avoid alcohol
DIGOXIN
Digoxin
Use/Indication:
- Heart failure, atrial fibrillation
Route(s):
- Oral, IV
Side effects:
- Nausea, fatigue, arrhythmias, visual disturbances
Contraindications:
- Ventricular fibrillation, hypersensitivity
Cautions:
- Monitor digoxin levels, renal function, and electrolytes
- Caution in renal impairment, elderly
LANSOPRAZOLE
Lansoprazole
Use/Indication:
- GERD, peptic ulcers, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Route(s):
- Oral, IV
Side effects:
- Headache, diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain
Contraindications:
- Hypersensitivity to lansoprazole
Cautions:
- Monitor for signs of gastrointestinal bleeding
- Caution in liver disease, long-term use may affect B12 levels
CLARITHROMYCIN
Clarithromycin
Use/Indication:
- Bacterial infections (e.g., respiratory, skin, H. pylori)
Route(s):
- Oral
Side effects:
- Nausea, diarrhea, metallic taste, abdominal pain
Contraindications:
- Hypersensitivity to macrolides, liver disease, concomitant use with certain drugs (e.g., cisapride)
Cautions:
- Caution in liver disease and arrhythmias
- Monitor for drug interactions (e.g., with statins or anticoagulants)
ONDANSETRON
Ondansetron
Use/Indication:
- Nausea and vomiting (post-surgery, chemotherapy)
Route(s):
- Oral, IV, IM
Side effects:
- Headache, constipation, dizziness, QT prolongation
Contraindications:
- liver impairment, heart QT syndrome conditions
Cautions:
- Monitor ECG in patients with cardiac issues
- Caution in hepatic impairment and electrolyte imbalances
FLUOXETINE
Use/Indication:
- Depression, anxiety, OCD
Route(s):
- Oral
Side effects:
- Nausea, insomnia, sexual dysfunction
Contraindications:
- Hypersensitivity, MAO inhibitors
Cautions:
- Monitor for suicidal thoughts, bleeding risk with anticoagulant
DEXAMETHASONE
Dexamethasone
Use/Indication:
- Inflammation, allergic reactions, autoimmune disorders, severe asthma
Route(s):
- Oral, IV, IM
Side effects:
- Weight gain, fluid retention, mood swings, increased blood sugar
Contraindications:
- Systemic fungal infections, live vaccines
Cautions:
- Monitor for signs of infection, blood sugar, and bone health
- Taper dosage gradually to avoid withdrawal symptoms
LORAZEPAM
Use/Indication: Anxiety, seizures, insomnia
Route(s):Oral, IV, IM
Side effects: Drowsiness, dizziness, confusion
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, narrow-angle glaucoma, severe liver disease
Cautions: Monitor for respiratory depression
Caution in elderly, liver impairment, or history of substance abuse
IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE
Ipratropium Bromide
Use/Indication:
- COPD, asthma (bronchodilator)
Route(s):
- Inhalation (MDI, nebulizer)
Side effects:
- Dry mouth, cough, dizziness, blurred vision
Contraindications:
- Hypersensitivity to atropine or its derivatives
Cautions:
- Caution in patients with glaucoma or urinary retention
- Monitor for anticholinergic effects
BISOPROLOL
Bisoprolol
Use/Indication:
- Hypertension, heart failure, angina
Route(s):
- Oral
Side effects:
- Fatigue, dizziness, bradycardia, hypotension
Contraindications:
- Severe bradycardia, heart block, asthma, hypotension
Cautions:
- Monitor heart rate and blood pressure
- Caution in patients with respiratory or renal conditions
CYCLIZINE
Cyclizine
Use/Indication:
- Motion sickness, nausea, vertigo
Route(s):
- Oral, IM, IV
Side effects:
- Drowsiness, dry mouth, blurred vision, dizziness
Contraindications:
- Hypersensitivity, glaucoma, urinary retention
Cautions:
- Caution in elderly, liver disease, and with other CNS depressants
PHENYTOIN
Use/Indication:
- Seizure control (tonic-clonic, partial)
Route(s):
- Oral, IV
Side effects:
- Dizziness, gum hyperplasia, rash, ataxia
Contraindications:
- Hypersensitivity, bradycardia, heart block
Cautions:
- Monitor drug levels, liver function
- Caution in pregnancy (teratogenic)
RAMIPRIL
Ramipril
Use/Indication:
- Hypertension, heart failure, post-myocardial infarction
Route(s):
- Oral
Side effects:
- Dizziness, cough, hyperkalemia, hypotension
Contraindications:
- Hypersensitivity to ACE inhibitors, pregnancy, bilateral renal artery stenosis
Cautions:
- Monitor blood pressure, renal function, and potassium levels
- Caution in patients with a history of angioedema
