PHARMA Flashcards
1
Q
the branch of medicine concerned with the uses, effects, and modes of
action of drugs.
A
Pharmacology
2
Q
the Father of Pharmacology.
A
Paracelsus
3
Q
BRANCHES: What the drug does to body
A
Pharmacodynamics
4
Q
BRANCHES: What the body does to drug
A
Pharmacokinetics
5
Q
BRANCHES: The study of the use of drugs
A
Pharmacotherapeutics
6
Q
BRANCHES: Preparing suitable dosage forms
A
Pharmacy
7
Q
BRANCHES: The study of drug dosage
A
Posology
8
Q
BRANCHES: The study of nature, effects and detection of poisons
A
Toxicology
9
Q
Refers to the quantity of drug administered at one time (ex: 500mg PARACETAMOL)
A
Dose
10
Q
Refers to the amount of drug that should be given over time (ex: 500mg PARACETAMOL three times a day for 3 days)
A
Dosage
11
Q
Dutch droog, meaning dry; are chemical substances that have an effect on living organisms.
A
Drugs
12
Q
therapeutic drugs used in the treatment of diseases; prescribed by a physician
A
Medicines
13
Q
are the scientific names based on the molecular structure of the drug.
A
Chemical Name
14
Q
a commercial name granted by a naming authority for use in marketing a drug/device product in a particular jurisdiction.
A
Trade Names/Brand Names
15
Q
means the name of a genus. This term is usually used to name a class or category of products or services. Common or general name assigned to the drug; Is the official or non-proprietary name for the drug.
A
Generic Name
16
Q
What makes a branded drug expensive?
A
Inactive substance ( to taste and smell better)
Adds color to make it attractive
The company bought the name (each letter has a price).
17
Q
DRUG CREATION: Name the 7 steps in creating a drug.
A
- Find a Target
- Compound hitting
- preclinical studies
- IND application approved
- Complete phase I, II, III
- NDA Approved
- Monitor the drug’s use
18
Q
DRUG CREATION: The three targets that drugs affect
A
microorganisms
hormones
organ
19
Q
DRUG CREATION: IND stands for
A
investigational new drug
20
Q
DRUG CREATION: NDA stands for
A
New Drug Application
21
Q
DRUG CREATION: Phase 1 of the clinical trials include…
A
less than 200 ind. (healthy). No Cancer, Hypertension, Asthma, Diabetes
22
Q
DRUG CREATION: Phase 2 of the clinical trials include…
A
less than 200 ind. (with specific diseases)
23
Q
DRUG CREATION: Phase 3 of the clinical trials include…
A
more than 200 ind. (w/ specific diseases)
24
Q
DRUG INFO: A list of medical conditions or diseases for which the drug is meant to be used.
A
INDICATIONS
25
DRUG INFO: A description of the cellular changes that occur as a result of the drug.
Action
26
DRUG INFO: A list of conditions for which the drug should not be given.
Contraindication
27
DRUG INFO: A list of conditions or types of patients that warrant closer observation for a specific side effects when given the drug.
CAUTIONS
28
DRUG INFO: List of contraindications include...
hypersensitivity, pregnant, liver or kidney problems
29
DRUG INFO: list of possible unpleasant or dangerous secondary effects, other than the desired effects.
Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
30
DRUG INFO: A list of other drugs or food that may alter the effect of the drug and usually should not be given during the same course of therapy.
Interactions
31
DRUG INFO: Catapres is for _____
hypertension
32
DRUG INFO: immodium is for ______
diarrhea
33
DRUG INFO: Salbutamol causes _____
bronchodilation
34
Sources of Drug Information
1. Drug Handbook
2. Physician Desk Reference (PDR)
3. Packet Insert
4. Nursing Journal
5. Medical Let
6. MIMS (Monthly Index of Medical Specialties)
35
LAWS: The law says that all preparations called by the same drug name must be of uniform
strength, quality and purity
DRUG STANDARDS
36
LAWS: Required all drugs marketed to meet minimal standards of strength, purity and quality.
WILEY ACT
37
LAWS: Responsible for approval and removal of products on the market.
FDA
38
LAWS: “Warning” labels must be present on certain preparations, for example, “may cause drowsiness”, may cause “nervousness”, and “may be habit forming”.
Cosmetic Act
39
LAWS: distinguished between drugs that can be sold with or without prescription and those that should not be refilled without a new prescription, such as narcotics, hypnotics, or tranquilizer must be so labelled.
Durham-Humphrey Amendment
40
LAWS: tightened controls on drug safety, especially experimental drugs, and required that adverse reactions and contraindications must be labelled and included in the literature.
Kefauver-Harris Amendment
41
LAWS: This act, designed to remedy the escalating problem of drug abuse.
Controlled Substances Act
42
LAWS: This reform act shortened the time in which new drugs could be developed and marketed.
DRRA (Drug Regulation Reform Act)
43
LAWS: The regulation were changed to increase the approval rate of drugs used to treat AIDS and cancer.
DRA (Drug Relation Act)
44
LAWS: drug companies that plan to discontinue drugs must inform health professionals and clients at least 6 months before stopping drug production.
MODERNIZATION ACT
45
LAWS: Generally, nurses cannot prescribe or administer drugs without a health care provider’s order, but state laws vary.
NURSE PRACTICE ACT
46
LAWS: An act providing for a more responsive nursing profession.
RA 9173
47
OFFENSES: Negligence; giving the wrong drug or drug dose that results in the client’s death
MISFEASANCE
48
OFFENSES: Omission; omitting a drug dose that results in the client’s death
NONFEASANCE
49
OFFENSES: Giving the correct drug but by the wrong route that results in the client’s death.
MALFEASANCE
50
DRUG ACTION: is the breakdown of a tablet into smaller particles
Disintegration
51
DRUG ACTION: is the dissolving of the smaller particles in the GI fluid before absorption
Dissolution
52
DRUG ACTION: is the time it takes the drug to disintegrate and dissolve to become available for the body to absorb it.
Rate Limiting
53
DRUG ACTION: 2 GI Fluids that cause dissolution
HCl acid & saliva
54
DRUG ACTION: The three areas of the GI tract considered to be acidic
mouth, esophagus, stomach
55
DRUG ACTION: resist disintegration in the gastric acid of the stomach, so disintegration does not occur until the drug reaches the alkaline environment of the small intestine.
Enteric Coated Drugs
56
DRUG ACTION: T/F: Enteric-coated drugs should be crushed for faster absorption
FALSE
57
DRUG ACTION: AKA the first phase of drug action
Pharmaceutic Phase
58
DRUG ACTION: aka 2nd phase of drug action; the process of drug movement to achieve drug action.
Pharmacokinetics Phase
59
DRUG ACTION: the 4 phases of pharmacokinetics
absorption (bioavailability), distribution metabolism, excretion
60
PHASES OF PHARMACOKINETICS: is the movement of drug particles from GI tract to body fluids by passive absorption, active absorption, and pinocytosis.
ABSORPTION
61
PHASES OF PHARMACOKINETICS: this occurs mostly by diffusion; movement from higher concentrations to lower concentrations. No energy is required to move across the membranes.
Passive absorption
62
PHASES OF PHARMACOKINETICS: this required a carrier such as an enzyme or protein to move the drug across the concentration gradient.
Active absorption
63
PHASES OF PHARMACOKINETICS: a process by which the cells carry the drug across the membrane by engulfing the drug particles.
Pinocytosis
64
Name the factors that affect drug absorption
a. Ph Type
b. Drugs that are lipid soluble
c. Blood flow, pain, stress, hunger, fasting, food, and pH affect drug
absorption.
d. Poor circulation as a result of shock, vasoconstrictor drugs, or disease hampers absorption.
e. Drugs given intramuscularly
65
T/F: Absorption is fast since there is no Hydrochloric acid present.
TRUE
66
If the drug is best absorbed in an alkaline environment should you eat or not?
DO NOT EAT
67
If the drug is best absorbed in an acidic environment (stomach), should you eat or not?
EAT
68
T/F: Drugs that are lipid soluble (nonionized) are not absorbed faster than water-soluble (ionized drugs).
FALSE
69
The slowest route of drug administration
Intradermal (ID)
70
The fastest route of drug administration
Intravenous (IV) and Intramuscular (IM)
71
PHARMACOKINETICS: the proportion of a drug or other substance which enters the circulation when introduced into the body and so is able to have an active effect.
BIOAVAILABILITY
72
Factors that alter bioavailability
1.Drug form
2.Route of administration
3.GI mucosa and motility
4.Food and other drugs
5.Changes in liver metabolism
73
DISTRIBUTION: the second pharmacokinetic phase and is the process by which the drug
becomes available to body fluids and body tissues.
DISTRIBUTION
74
DISTRIBUTION: plays a major role in distribution.
BLOOD STREAM
75
DISTRIBUTION: Drugs that are greater than 89% bound to protein are known as _______
highly protein-bound drugs.
76
DISTRIBUTION: Drugs that are ______ bound to protein are moderately highly protein bound.
61%-89%
77
DISTRIBUTION: Drugs that are 30%-60% bound to protein are
moderately protein-bound.
78
DISTRIBUTION: Drugs that are ______ bound to protein are low protein–bound drugs.
>30%
79
METABOLISM: this is the third pharmacokinetic phase
METABOLISM
80
METABOLISM: primary site of drug metabolism is in ______
the "Liver".
81
METABOLISM: is the time it takes for one half of the drug concentration to be eliminated.
Half-life (t1/2)
82
EXCRETION: This is the fourth and final pharmacokinetic phase.
EXCRETION
83
EXCRETION: the main route of drug elimination is through the
"Kidneys" (Urine)
84
EXCRETION: Other Elimination Routes include:
a. bile (dark/light color of feces)
b. lungs
c. saliva
d. sweat
e. breastmilk
85
EXCRETION: It is an increased effect of a drug demonstrated when repeated doses accumulate in the body.
Cumulative effect
86
EXCRETION: refers to a condition that results from exposure to either a poison or a dangerous amount of a drug that is normally safe when given in a smaller amount.
Toxicity
87
EXCRETION: It is the most accurate test to determine renal function
Creatinine Clearance
88
EXCRETION: The normal level for creatinine clearance
85 to 135ml/min
89
DRUG EFFECTS: Reaches widespread areas of the body (ex. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) suppository, although given rectally, has the ability to be absorbed and distributed throughout the body to cause a general reduction in fever and pain)
Systemic effect
90
DRUG EFFECTS: Is limited to the area of the body where it is administered (ex. Dibucaine ointment (Nupercainal), applied rectally affects only the rectal mucosa to reduce hemorrhoidal pain).
Local Effect
91
DRUG EFFECTS: refers to the systemic/widespread effect. Patient will not feel any
pain cephalocaudal. It would usually induct ______ if the operative site is
located above nipple line.
GENERAL ANESTHESIA
92
DRUG EFFECTS: Metabolism and excretion are slower in older adults, and therefore attention must be paid to possible cumulative effects. Children have a lower threshold of response and react more rapidly and sometimes in unexpected ways; therefore, frequent assessment
is imperative.
AGE
93
DRUG EFFECTS: Generally, the bigger the person, the greater the dose should be.
WEIGHT
94
DRUG EFFECTS: Women respond differently than men to some drugs. The ratio of fat per body
mass differs, and so do hormone levels.
SEX
95
DRUG EFFECTS: It has been proven that the more positive the patient feels about the medicationhe or she is taking, the more positive the physical response. This is referred to as
the placebo effect.
PSYCHOLOGICAL STATE
96
Is the science dealing with interactions between chemical components of living systems and the foreign chemicals, including drugs.
PHARMACODYNAMICS
97
PHARMACODYNAMICS: Whenever more than one drug is taken, it is possible that the combination may alter the normal expected response of each individual drug.
Drug Interactions
98
PHARMACODYNAMICS: The action of two drugs working together in which one helps the other simultaneously for an effect that neither could produce alone.
SYNERGISM
99
PHARMACODYNAMICS: The action of two drugs in which one prolongs or multiplies the effect of the other. Drug A may be said to potentiate the effect of drug
POTENTION/ADDITIVE
100
PHARMACODYNAMICS: The opposing action of two drugs in which one decreases or cancels out the effect of the other. Drug A may be referred to as an antagonist of Drug B.
ANTAGONISM
101
PHARMACODYNAMICS: Effect from maternal drug administration that causes the development of the physical defects in fetus
TERATOGENIC EFFECT
102
PHARMACODYNAMICS: Unique, unusual response to a drug
Idiosyncrasy
103
PHARMACODYNAMICS: Opposite effect from that expected
Paradoxical
104
PHARMACODYNAMICS: Immune response (allergy) to a drug may be of varying degrees.
Hypersensitivity
105
PHARMACODYNAMICS: severe, possibly fatal, allergic response
Anaphylactic Reaction
106
PHARMACODYNAMICS: The rate of cell activity or the secretion from a gland increases.
Stimulation or depression
107
PHARMACODYNAMICS: Example, insulin replace essential body compounds
Replacement
108
PHARMACODYNAMICS: drugs that inhibit or kill organisms interfere with bacterial cell growth (penicillin exerts its bacterial effects by blocking the synthesis of bacterial cell wall)
Inhibition
109
PHARMACODYNAMICS: Drugs can also act by mechanism of irritation (laxatives irritate the inner wall of the colon, thus increasing peristalsis and defecation)
Irritation
110
CNS: fight or flight
increases: dilated pupils, ups HR, glucose release, epi and nore release, relaxes bronchi
decreases: inhibits saliva, digestive activity, relaxes bladder, orgasm, contracts rectum
Sympathetic NS
111
CNS: rest and digest
increases: saliva, digestion, gallbladder, contracts bladder, relaxes bladder
decreases: pupil constriction, bronchi constrict, HR drops, adrenaline
Parasympathetic NS
112
CNS: also known as SYMPATHOMIMETIC DRUG AGENT, resembles like epinephrine (adrenaline)
Adrenergic agonists
113
CNS: types of Aa
alpha and beta
alpha specific
beta specific
114
CNS: alpha blockers target the _____; beta blockers target the _____
heart; lungs
115
CNS:
- also known as SYMPATHOLYTICS DRUG AGENT
- ANTIADRENERGICS
- ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENTS
- SYMPATHETIC ANTAGONISTS
- are drugs that oppose the actions of the SNS
adrenergic antagonists
116
CNS: types of AnAa
1. NON SELECTIVE ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENTS
2. NON SELECTIVE ALPHA ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENTS
3. ALPHA SELECTIVE ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENTS
4. NON SELECTIVE BETA ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENTS
5. BETA 1 SELECTIVE ADRENERGIC BLOCKING
117
CNS:
- also known as PARASYMPATHOMIMETIC DRUG AGENT
- their actions resemble acetylcholine
cholinergic agonists
118
CNS: Types of Ca
1. DIRECT-ACTING CHOLINERGIC AGONIST
2. INDIRECTING-ACTING CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS (FOR MYASTHENIA GRAVIS)
3. INDIRECTING-ACTING CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS (ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE)
119
CNS:
- also known as PARASYMPATHOLYTIC DRUG AGENT
- lysing or preventing parasympathetic effects
anticholinergic agents
120
CNS: chronic muscular disease caused by a defect in
neuromuscular transmission, autoimmune disease in which
patients make antibodies to their ACh receptors
Myasthenia
121
CV: Main Diseases of the Cardiovascular System
1. Hypertension
2. Congestive heart failure
3. Coronary artery disease
4. Angina Pectoris/Myocardial infarction
5. Cardiac arrhythmias
122
CV: is when your blood pressure, the force of your blood pushing against the walls of your blood vessels, is consistently too high
hypertension
123
CV:
Renin inhibitor - none
_____ - _____
_____ - _____
ACE inhibitors - (-pril)
A2 blockers - (-artan)
124
CV: explain the RAAS
low bp > kidney (jg cells) > renin > angio tensinogen > angiotensin 1 > ACE > angiotensin 2 > aldosterone hormone
125
CV: four things that aldosterone does?
Na absorption
H2O absorption
increase BV
increase BP
126
CV: high potassium levels is called?
hyperkalemia
127
CV: meds end in -olol
beta blockers
128
CV: meds end in -pine
calcium channel blockers
129
CV: aka water pills, meds end in -zide
diuretics
130
CV: drugs used to treat heart failure
cardiotonic agents
131
CV: Increases intracellular calcium and allows more calcium during
depolarization: Increase force of myocardial contraction,
increase cardiac output and renal perfusion, slowed heart rate
cardiac glycosides / digoxin
132
CV: Block enzyme phophodiesterase. This blocking effect leads to increase myocardial cell cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) thus increasing calcium levels in the cells
phophodiesterase inhibitor / milrinone
133
CV: Blocking the HCN slow the heart’s pacemaker, the sinus node
thus leading to reduction in the heart rate. Allowing more time
for ventricular filling and improve cardiac output.
HCN gated channel blocker / ivabradine
134
CV: it has the longest ventricular feeding content
ivabradine
135
CV: Fatty plaques cause blockage and decreased blood flow to the
myocardium
coronary artery disease
136
CV: HMG-CoA meds end in...
-astatin
137
CV: enzyme that regulates the last step in cellular
cholesterol synthesis
(Hydroxymethylglutaryl enzyme) HMG-CoA
138
CV: three types of anti-anginal agents
nitrates, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers
139
CV: “suffocation of the chest” pain caused by imbalance between demand and
supply of oxygen in the heart
Angina Pectoris
140
CV: Caused by complete blockage of one of the coronary arteries. Heart cells deprived of blood/oxygen become ischemic, die, and form an infarct
Myocardial Infarction
141
CV: four things that causes heart muscle contractability
calcium, beta-blockers, potassium, sodium
142
CV: are disturbances in the normal electrical activity of conduction system
cardiac arrhythmias
143
CV: the following classes block what:
Class I - _____
Class II - _____
Class III - _____
Class IV - _____
C1 - Na (sodium)
C2 - beta-blockers
C3 - K (potassium)
C4 - Ca (calcium)
144
RESPI: drugs that affect the URT
antitussives, decongestants, antihistamine, expectorant, mucolytics
145
RESPI: drugs that affect the LRT
xanthines, sympathomimetics, anticholinergics, lowers inflammation, lung surfactant
146
RESPI: is a chemical released during inflammation that increases secretions and narrows
airways
histamine
147
RESPI: first choice of bronchodilators
xanthines
148
RESPI: mimic the effects of the SNS
sympathomimetics
149
RESPI: substitute for sympathomimetics
anticholinergics
150
RESPI: reduce the surface tension within the alveoli
lung surfactant
151
GASTRO: 3 major problems of the GIT
gastritis, GERD, ulcers
152
GASTRO: 2 types of ulcers
peptic and doudenal
153
GASTRO: neutralizes stomach acid, relief for upset stomach related to hyperacidity
antacids
154
GASTRO: what does SCAM stand for?
sodium bicarbonate
calcium carbonate
aluminum hydroxide
magnesium hydroxide
155
GASTRO: side effects of calcium and aluminum, of magnesium
constipation, diarrhea
156
GASTRO: these meds are taken when?
antacids - _____
H2 blockers - _____
Proton-pump - _____
mucosal protectant - _____
antacids: 1 hr before or after meals
H2: 30 mins before meals
PP: 30 mins before meals
Mucosal: 1-2 hrs before or after meals
157
GASTRO:
H2 meds end in ______
PP meds end in ______
-tidine
-prazole
158
GASTRO: prevents the release of gastrin, blocking HCI acid
H2 receptor blockers/inhibitors
159
GASTRO: most common type of H2 blocker
ranitidine
160
GASTRO: most common type of proton-pump
omeprazole
161
GASTRO: used for heartburn, GERD, an ulcer prophylaxis
Proton-pump inhibitors
162
GASTRO: prevent stomach and duodenal ulcers, forms a thick layer over ulcer
mucosal protectant
163
GASTRO: name for drug of MP
sucralfate
164
GASTRO: types of drugs affecting GI motility
Laxatives, GI stimulants, anti-diarrheal agents
165
GASTRO: for short term constipation, prevent straining ff surgery, MI, OB delivery
Laxatives
166
GASTRO: types of laxatives
chemical, bulk, lubricants
167
GASTRO: laxative that directly stimulates the nerve plexus in the intestinal wall
chemical stimulant
168
GASTRO: rapid acting, aggressive laxatives
bulk stimulants
169
GASTRO: short term treatment of constipation, alt. for patients with CVD
Lactulose
170
GASTRO: 2 types of GI stimulants
dexpanthenol & metoclopramide
171
GASTRO: slows motility of the GI tract
antidiarrheals
172
GASTRO: most common antidiarrheal drug
loperamide (imodium)
173
ENDO: 4 categories of natural hormones
pituitary hormones
adrenal corticosteroids
thyroid agents
antidiabetic agents
174
ENDO: aka the master gland
pituitary gland
175
ENDO: hormones produced by APG
GH, ACTH (cortisol), LH, FSH, TSH
176
ENDO: hormones produced by PPG
ADH, Oxytocin
177
ENDO: developmental abnormalities, congenital defects of the pituitary gland
hypopituitarism
178
ENDO: GH deficiency in children
dwarfism
179
ENDO: hypersecretion of the GH caused by pituitary tumor
hyperpituitarism
180
ENDO: acceleration of linear skeletal growth of 7-8 feet in height with normal body proportions
gigantism
181
ENDO: excessive GH secretion, occurs after puberty and epiphyseal plate closure
acromegaly
182
ENDO: insufficient secretion of ADH
Diabetes insipidus
183
ENDO: excessive secretion
of ADH
SIADH
184
ENDO:
- produced in the anterior pituitary gland
- Regulate levels of steroid hormone (cortisol) – adrenal gland
ACTH
185
ENDO:
- Helps control blood sugar levels
- Regulates metabolism
- Reduce inflammation
- Helps the body respond to stress
cortisol
186
ENDO: indicated for treatment of inflammation
glucocorticoids
187
ENDO: aldosterone reabsorbs Na+ and water, excretes K+
mineralocorticoids
188
ENDO: are administered to lower glucose levels in those with impaired metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins
antidiabetic agents
189
ENDO: is required as a replacement therapy for type 1 diabetes with insufficient production of insulin from the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
insulin
190
ENDO: three types of insulin
rapid/fast-acting
intermediate-acting
long-acting
191
ENDO: given to patients who still have functioning pancreas
Oral hypoglycemic agents
192
RENAL: drug that work in the Loop of Henle, most potent diuretics
LOOP DIURETICS
193
RENAL: two kinds of loop diuretics
furosemide and bumetanide
194
RENAL: known as a potassium wasting diuretic
furosemide
195
RENAL: Blocks the effects of carbonic anhydrase, slows down the movement of hydrogen ions, as a result more sodium and bicarbonate are lost in the urine.
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
196
RENAL: Used for patients who are at high risk for hypokalemia
associated with diuretic use
potassium-sparing diuretics
197
RENAL: potassium-sparing diuretics that is an aldosterone antagonist
spirolalactone
198
RENAL: a type of diuretic that inhibits reabsorption of water and Na. (loss of water and sodium)
osmotic diuretics
199
RENAL: three types of drugs that affect UT and bladder
urinary tract antiseptics
cholinergic agents
urinary tract antispasmodics
200
RENAL:
* Inhibits the growth of bacteria in the urine
* Indicated for UTI (Urinary Tract Infection)
* Given with milk or meals to prevent GI distress
* Gives a brown color to urine
urinary tract antiseptics
201
RENAL:
* Stimulates the bladder to empty
* Used to treat urinary retention (difficulty urinating)
* Given on an empty stomach or 2 hrs after a meal
cholinergic agents
202
RENAL:
* BLOCK THE SPASMS of the urinary tract muscles
* Relaxes the smooth muscles of the urinary tract
* Improves muscles pressure and urine outflow
urinary tract antispasmodics
203
DRUG: is the original system of weights and measures for writing medication order.
apothecary system
204
DRUG: is a pharmacist or druggist
apothecary
205
DRUG: is the preferred system of measurement and used at
present. It is the international standard for weights and measures.
metric system
206
DRUG: least accurate, this system is more familiar to the layperson and is used in prescribing medications for the patient at home.
house-hold system
