Pharma Flashcards
patients with bilateral RAS often develop a rise in serum creatinine with initiation of…… Because the glomeruli and renal tubules are otherwise normal, urinalysis is typically……
ACE inhibitors
unremarkable (ie, no hematuria, proteinuria, or casts).
…… and…… have bronchodilation properties and are preferred in patients with asthma for anesthesia
Halothane
sevoflurane
………activate peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma, a nuclear receptor that alters the transcription of genes involved in glucose and……. metabolism. The resulting……. in insulin resistance lowers blood glucose and can help reverse nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs)
lipid
decrease
Nystatin is a…… antifungal with a mechanism of action similar to…….It binds to ergosterol molecules in the fungal cell membrane, causing pores and leakage of fungal cell contents. Nystatin is not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract
polyene
amphotericin B
………(eg, latanoprost, travoprost) and……. (eg, pilocarpine, carbachol) decrease intraocular pressure by increasing the outflow of aqueous humor.
Prostaglandin F2α
cholinomimetics
Foscarnet is an analog of……. that can chelate calcium and promote nephrotoxic renal magnesium wasting. These toxicities can result in….. and….., which can cause seizures.
pyrophosphate
hypocalcemia
hypomagnesemia
……..of acyclovir by a viral thymidine kinase is the first (and rate-limiting) step in conversion of acyclovir to its active triphosphate form
Monophosphorylation
Highly-active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for HIV is commonly associated with body fat redistribution. Subcutaneous lipoatrophy involving the face and extremities is associated with…… Central fat accumulation in the trunk and viscera can occur with…….
nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (especially stavudine and zidovudine) and protease inhibitors
any HAART regimen
6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) is an immunosuppression drug that is inactivated by 2 enzymes,…… and…….. Reduced function of either enzyme causes increased levels of the active metabolites of 6-MP, leading to increased immunosuppression and risk of toxicity.
xanthine oxidase
thiopurine methyltransferase
Etoposide and podophyllin specifically inhibit topoisomerase II’s ability to……., causing chromosomal breaks to accumulate and eventual cell death. Two major uses of etoposide are in…. cancer and ….cancer. Podophyllin is used topically to treat…….
seal the strand breaks it induces
testicular
small cell lung
genital warts
……..is a technique used to identify DNA mutations. It involves restriction…… digestion of sample DNA, gel electrophoresis, and gene identification with a labeled DNA probe.
Southern blotting
endonuclease
Mifepristone is a ……..that is used with misoprostol is a………to terminate a first-trimester pregnancy.
progesterone antagonist
prostaglandin-E1 agonist
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (eg, spironolactone, eplerenone) prevent……… and also ……
aldosterone from binding to its receptor in the distal renal tubules
causing regression of myocardial fibrosis and improvement in ventricular remodeling.
At least 2 distinct COX-1-dependent mechanisms contribute to the increased risk of upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding associated with aspirin therapy:……….
Inhibition of platelet aggregation and impairment of prostaglandin-dependent GI mucosal protection
Topical preparations of α-adrenergic agonists cause vasoconstriction of the nasal mucosa vessels and are used as decongestants. Overuse of these drugs causes negative feedback, resulting in decreased …..and release from nerve endings, which diminishes their effect (ie, tachyphylaxis).
norepinephrine synthesis
