Pharm test 1 (week 2)

Question 1

Indications

Answer 1

What a drug is used for

Question 2

Mechanism of action

Answer 2

Pharmacological therapeutic action in the body

Question 3

Black box warning

Answer 3

FDA warning of serious adverse effects of drugs

Question 4

Contraindications

Answer 4

Clinical situations that could make it unsafe to administer a drug (allergy is always a contraindication)

Question 5

Cautions

Answer 5

Indentifies diseases or clinical situations in which a drug involves particular risks and dosage modifications might be necessary

Question 6

Interactions

Answer 6

Known or predicted drug drug, drug food, or drug lab testing interactions that could change the action of a drug in the body

Question 7

Adverse effects

Answer 7

Non therapeutic, unintended effects of a drug that occur at a therapeutic dose and can range from annoying to life threatening

Question 8

Reasons adverse effects occur

Answer 8

Drug may have other effects on the body the therapeutic effect
-the client is sensitive to the drug being given
-the drugs action on the body causes other responses that a undesired or unpleasant
-the client is taking too much or too little of the drug

Question 9

Barrier defenses

Answer 9

Skin (first line), mucous membranes, gastric acid, major histocompatibility complex (MHC): distinguishes foriegn cells from self cells

Question 10

Cellular defenses

Answer 10

lymphatic tissue, leukocytes, chemical mediators

Question 11

interferons

Answer 11

chemicals that are secreted by cells that have been invaded by viruses
-prevent viral replication and suppress malignant cell replication and tumor growth

Question 12

interleukins

Answer 12

chemicals secreted by active leukocytes to influence other leukocytes
-also cause fever, arthraglias (joint ache), myalgias, and slow wave sleep induction
-used to treat certain cancers

Question 13

tumor necrosis factor

Answer 13

chemical released by macrophages, inhibit tumor growth and can cause tumor regression

Question 14

anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritis, and related agents

Answer 14

block or alter the chemical reactions associated with the inflammatory response to stop one or more of the signs and symptoms of inflammation

Question 15

corticosteriods

Answer 15

block or alter the chemical reactions associated with the inflammatory response

Question 16

antihistamines

Answer 16

block the release of histamine in the initiation of the inflammatory response

Question 17

immune-modulating agents!

Answer 17

block or decrease the effects of inflammation in chronic disorders such as rheumatoid arthiritis and Chrons disease

Question 18

colony stimulating factors

Answer 18

promote growth and differentiation of stem cells into colonies of specific blood cells (ex: WBC’s > leukpoetic growth factors)
-filgrastim, pegfilgastim

Question 19

Immune modulators:Immune suppressants

Answer 19

immune suppressants are often used in conjunction with corticosteriods which block the inflammatory reaction and decrease intitial damage to cells

Question 20

immune modulators: immune stimulants

Answer 20

drugs used to energize the immune system when it is exhausted from fighting a prolonged invasion or when the immune system needs help fighting a specific pathogen or cancer cell

Question 21

Immune suppressants: 1- immune modulators

Answer 21

block the release of various cytokiens involved in the inflammatory response and activation or lymphocytes, decreasing immune activity

Question 22

immune suppressants: 2- T and B suppressors

Answer 22

block antibody production by B cells; inhibit suppresor and helper T cells; modify the release of interleukins and of T cell growth factor
- Cyclosporine, azathioprine (Imuran), mycophenolate (cellcept), tacrolimus (Prograf)

Question 23

Immune suppressants: 3- interleukin receptor antaonist

Answer 23

work to block the activity of the interleukins that are released in an inflammatory and immune response
-help treat moderate RA in clients > 18 years of age

Question 24

Immune suppressants: 4- monoclonal antibodies

Answer 24

antibodies that attach to specific receptor sites that are developed to respond to very specific situations (parental form only)
-treatment of certain cancers, certain types of arthritis, and MS

Question 25

Active Immunity

Answer 25

-formation of antibodies after exposure to a specific antigen -the body recongizes a foreign protein and begins producing plasma cells, antibodies, and memory cells to react with it immediately and in the future -can take varying amouts of time to develop, but can last a long time

Question 26

Passive immunity

Answer 26

injection of preformed antibodies into a host who is at high risk for exposure to a specific disease and react with a specific antigen (effective immediately) - examples: a pregnant woman passes antibodies to the fetus - immunity is limited by the number by number of circulating antibodies

Question 27

natural immunity

Answer 27

develops when antibodies are produced by the body after exposure to a disease - a child develops a communicable disease such as chicken pox

Question 28

artificial immunity

Answer 28

administration of an antigen, often a vaccine that is like a pathogen antigen that stimulates the body to develop antibodies

Question 29

vaccines

Answer 29

an immunization that contains weakened or altered protein antigens to stimulate a specific antibody formation against a specific disease -stimulate active artificial immunity in individuals who are at risk -goal: to cause an immune response without having the client suffer the full course of a disease -thought to be life long

Question 30

chemotherapeutic drugs

Answer 30

alter cellular function or disrupt cellular integrity and cause cell death -prevent cellular reproduction which eventually leads to cell death -destroy organisms that invade the body -destroy abnormal cells within the body (cancers)

Question 31

antibiotics

Answer 31

anti-infectives var in their spectrum of activity- effectiveness against invading microorganism

Question 32

antibiotic: bactericidal

Answer 32

kill the bacterial cell directly

Question 33

antibiotics: bacteriostatic

Answer 33

prevent reproduction of the bacterial cell; kill bacteria indirectly

Question 34

antibiotics: narrow spectrum of activity

Answer 34

effective against only a few microorganisms with a very specific metabolic pathway or enzyme

Question 35

antibiotics: broad specturm of activity

Answer 35

effective against a broad range of bacteria (often administered at beginning of treatment) -once culture sensitivities are known, antibiotics should be narrowed down to prevent antibiotic resistance

Question 36

bacteria class: Gram-postive

Answer 36

the cell wall retains a stain or resists decolorization with alcohol -purple stain -streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 37

bacteria class: gram-negative

Answer 37

the cell wall loses a stain or is decolorized by alcohol - red stain GU or GI (escherichia coli)

Question 38

bacteria class: aerobic

Answer 38

depend on oxygen for survival

Question 39

bacteria class: anaerobic

Answer 39

do not use oxygen (bacteria associated with gangrene)

Question 40

Vancomycin