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pharm > Pharm test 1 (week 2) > Flashcards

Pharm test 1 (week 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Indications

A

What a drug is used for

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2
Q

Mechanism of action

A

Pharmacological therapeutic action in the body

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3
Q

Black box warning

A

FDA warning of serious adverse effects of drugs

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4
Q

Contraindications

A

Clinical situations that could make it unsafe to administer a drug (allergy is always a contraindication)

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5
Q

Cautions

A

Indentifies diseases or clinical situations in which a drug involves particular risks and dosage modifications might be necessary

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6
Q

Interactions

A

Known or predicted drug drug, drug food, or drug lab testing interactions that could change the action of a drug in the body

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7
Q

Adverse effects

A

Non therapeutic, unintended effects of a drug that occur at a therapeutic dose and can range from annoying to life threatening

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8
Q

Reasons adverse effects occur

A

Drug may have other effects on the body the therapeutic effect
-the client is sensitive to the drug being given
-the drugs action on the body causes other responses that a undesired or unpleasant
-the client is taking too much or too little of the drug

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9
Q

Barrier defenses

A

Skin (first line), mucous membranes, gastric acid, major histocompatibility complex (MHC): distinguishes foriegn cells from self cells

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10
Q

Cellular defenses

A

lymphatic tissue, leukocytes, chemical mediators

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11
Q

interferons

A

chemicals that are secreted by cells that have been invaded by viruses
-prevent viral replication and suppress malignant cell replication and tumor growth

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12
Q

interleukins

A

chemicals secreted by active leukocytes to influence other leukocytes
-also cause fever, arthraglias (joint ache), myalgias, and slow wave sleep induction
-used to treat certain cancers

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13
Q

tumor necrosis factor

A

chemical released by macrophages, inhibit tumor growth and can cause tumor regression

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14
Q

anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritis, and related agents

A

block or alter the chemical reactions associated with the inflammatory response to stop one or more of the signs and symptoms of inflammation

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15
Q

corticosteriods

A

block or alter the chemical reactions associated with the inflammatory response

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16
Q

antihistamines

A

block the release of histamine in the initiation of the inflammatory response

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17
Q

immune-modulating agents!

A

block or decrease the effects of inflammation in chronic disorders such as rheumatoid arthiritis and Chrons disease

18
Q

colony stimulating factors

A

promote growth and differentiation of stem cells into colonies of specific blood cells (ex: WBC’s > leukpoetic growth factors)
-filgrastim, pegfilgastim

19
Q

Immune modulators:Immune suppressants

A

immune suppressants are often used in conjunction with corticosteriods which block the inflammatory reaction and decrease intitial damage to cells

20
Q

immune modulators: immune stimulants

A

drugs used to energize the immune system when it is exhausted from fighting a prolonged invasion or when the immune system needs help fighting a specific pathogen or cancer cell

21
Q

Immune suppressants: 1- immune modulators

A

block the release of various cytokiens involved in the inflammatory response and activation or lymphocytes, decreasing immune activity

22
Q

immune suppressants: 2- T and B suppressors

A

block antibody production by B cells; inhibit suppresor and helper T cells; modify the release of interleukins and of T cell growth factor
- Cyclosporine, azathioprine (Imuran), mycophenolate (cellcept), tacrolimus (Prograf)

23
Q

Immune suppressants: 3- interleukin receptor antaonist

A

work to block the activity of the interleukins that are released in an inflammatory and immune response
-help treat moderate RA in clients > 18 years of age

24
Q

Immune suppressants: 4- monoclonal antibodies

A

antibodies that attach to specific receptor sites that are developed to respond to very specific situations (parental form only)
-treatment of certain cancers, certain types of arthritis, and MS

25
Q

Active Immunity

A

-formation of antibodies after exposure to a specific antigen
-the body recongizes a foreign protein and begins producing plasma cells, antibodies, and memory cells to react with it immediately and in the future
-can take varying amouts of time to develop, but can last a long time

26
Q

Passive immunity

A

injection of preformed antibodies into a host who is at high risk for exposure to a specific disease and react with a specific antigen (effective immediately)
- examples: a pregnant woman passes antibodies to the fetus
- immunity is limited by the number by number of circulating antibodies

27
Q

natural immunity

A

develops when antibodies are produced by the body after exposure to a disease
- a child develops a communicable disease such as chicken pox

28
Q

artificial immunity

A

administration of an antigen, often a vaccine that is like a pathogen antigen that stimulates the body to develop antibodies

29
Q

vaccines

A

an immunization that contains weakened or altered protein antigens to stimulate a specific antibody formation against a specific disease
-stimulate active artificial immunity in individuals who are at risk
-goal: to cause an immune response without having the client suffer the full course of a disease
-thought to be life long

30
Q

chemotherapeutic drugs

A

alter cellular function or disrupt cellular integrity and cause cell death
-prevent cellular reproduction which eventually leads to cell death
-destroy organisms that invade the body
-destroy abnormal cells within the body (cancers)

31
Q

antibiotics

A

anti-infectives var in their spectrum of activity- effectiveness against invading microorganism

32
Q

antibiotic: bactericidal

A

kill the bacterial cell directly

33
Q

antibiotics: bacteriostatic

A

prevent reproduction of the bacterial cell; kill bacteria indirectly

34
Q

antibiotics: narrow spectrum of activity

A

effective against only a few microorganisms with a very specific metabolic pathway or enzyme

35
Q

antibiotics: broad specturm of activity

A

effective against a broad range of bacteria (often administered at beginning of treatment)
-once culture sensitivities are known, antibiotics should be narrowed down to prevent antibiotic resistance

36
Q

bacteria class: Gram-postive

A

the cell wall retains a stain or resists decolorization with alcohol
-purple stain
-streptococcus pneumoniae

37
Q

bacteria class: gram-negative

A

the cell wall loses a stain or is decolorized by alcohol
- red stain
GU or GI (escherichia coli)

38
Q

bacteria class: aerobic

A

depend on oxygen for survival

39
Q

bacteria class: anaerobic

A

do not use oxygen (bacteria associated with gangrene)

40
Q

Vancomycin

A
41
Q
A

pharm (5 decks)

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