Pharm - Rami Pt 2 Flashcards
1
Q
bisphosphonates uses
A
osteoporosis,
paget disease,
hypercalcemic bone metastasis
2
Q
side effect of bisphosphonates
A
osteonecrosis of jaw (rare)
3
Q
paget disease (osteitis deformans) first sign and hallmark
A
first sign: increased ALP,
hallmark: ivory vertebra
4
Q
cushing’s syndrome
A
increased cortisol levels
5
Q
cushing’s disease
A
increased cortisol levels due to overactive ACTH
6
Q
dexamethasone suppression test
A
increases cortisol which should cause negative feedback
in cushing’s disease negative feedback will not happen so cortisol levels will remain high
7
Q
colchicine MOA
A
induces microtubular polymerization by binding tubulin,
decreased migration of leukocytes (less inflammatory response)
8
Q
colchicine use
A
acute gout attacks (also use NSAIDs like indomethacin or naproxen)
9
Q
colchicine side effect
A
diarrhea
10
Q
probenecid MOA
A
decreases reabsorption of uric acid in PCT by blocking active transport of uric acid
11
Q
probenecid use
A
prevention of further gouty attacks (prophylaxis)
12
Q
probenecid side effect
A
inhibition of renal excretion of penicillin and NSAIDs
13
Q
allopurinol use
A
prevention of further gouty attacks (prophylaxis)
14
Q
allopurinol MOA
A
inhibits xanthine oxidase (stops conversion of xanthine to uric acid)
15
Q
allopurinol side effects
A
hypersensitivity reaction,
decreased metabolism of 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine
16
Q
orlistat MOA
A
inhibits lipase (decreased intestinal fat absorption), anti-obesity drug
17
Q
orlistat side effects
A
steatorrhea
fecal incontinence,
decreased absorption of fat soluble vitamins
18
Q
sibutramine MOA
A
serotonin, NE, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor,
anti-obesity drug
19
Q
sibutramine side effect
A
sexual dysfunction
20
Q
fen-phen (phentermine) MOA
A
increased catecholamine release in brain
anti-obesity drug
21
Q
fen-phen (phentermine) side effects
A
increased risk of valvular disease and pulmonary hypertension,
withdrawn from market
22
Q
flutamide MOA
A
competitive antagonist at androgen receptor,
decreases growth effects of testosterone on prostate
23
Q
flutamide use
A
prostate cancer treatment
24
Q
flutamide needs to always be given with what other drug and why?
A
leuprolide,
counteract increase LH levels caused by lower testosterone
25
flutamide side effects
gynecomastia,
| LFTs
26
finasteride MOA
inhibits 5 alpha reductase (inhibits conversion of testosterone to DHT which stimulates prostate gland growth)
27
finasteride uses
BPH,
prostate cancer,
early male pattern baldness
28
finasteride side effects
decreased libido,
| erectile dysfunction
29
leuprolide (naferelin and goserelin) MOA
GnRH agonist
| eventual desensitization and downregulation of GnRH leads to decreased LH and decreased testosterone
30
leuprolide side effects
impotence,
| hot flashes
31
leuprolide uses
metastatic prostate cancer,
leiomyomas,
infertility (given in pulsatile fashion)
32
danazol MOA
agonist at androgen and progesterone receptors,
decreased LH and FSH secretion
increases levels of C1 esterase inhibitor
33
danazol uses
endometriosis,
| hereditary angioedema
34
danazol side effects
androgenic side effects in women (masculinization, hirsutism, acne)
35
clomiphene MOA
partial agonist at estrogen receptors in the pituitary gland,
decreases normal feedback inhibition
increases LH and FSH secretion
36
clomiphene use
infertility in patients with ovulatory dysfunction (polycystic ovary syndrome)
37
clomiphene side effects
```
hot flashes,
abdominal discomfort,
multiple pregnancies (10%)
```
38
anastrazole MOA
```
inhibits aromatase (decreases conversion of androgens to estrogens),
results in decreased estradiol levels
```
39
anastrazole side effects
osteoporosis,
increased CV events,
hyperlipidemia
40
tamoxifen MOA
competitive estrogen receptor antagonist;
| minimizes growth effect of estrogen
41
tamoxifen most effective in
postmenopausal women
42
tamoxifen side effects
increased risk of endometrial cancer,
increased risk of thromboembolism,
hot flashes
43
raloxifene MOA
like tamoxifen but mixed estrogen agonist/antagonist effects
44
raloxifene uses
treats osteoporosis and reduces risk of breast cancer without increased risk of endometrial cancer
45
breast cancer drugs
anastrazole,
tamoxifen,
raloxifene
46
oral contraceptive pills
made of a mix of synthetic estrogens and progestins
47
progestins
decrease GnRH release,
decrease FSH and LH levels,
inhibit follicular development and absence of ovulation
48
oral contraceptive pill side effect
increased risk of thromboembolism especially in women > 35
49
emergency contraception
high doses of synthetic progestins (up to 72 hours)
50
mifepristone MOA
competitive antagonist of progesterone receptor;
| abortifacient at high doses
51
octreotide MOA
synthetic analog of somatostatin hormone;
| inhibits release of many hormones
52
octreotide uses
treats many endocrine disorders (zollinger ellison syndrome, carcinoid syndrome, acromegaly)
53
oxytocin MOA/uses
made by posterior pituitary,
stimulates uterine contraction to induce labor,
stimulates breast milk let down,
controls post partum uterine hemorrhage
54
vasopressin released from
posterior pituitary
55
V1 receptor (vasopressin)
vasoconstriction
56
V2 receptor (vasopressin)
increase permeability to water in collecting ducts
57
V3 receptor (vasopressin)
increase factor 8 activity
58
vasopressin uses
central diabetes insipidus,
septic shock,
cardiac arrest
59
vasopressin side effect
hyponatremia
60
omeprazole (-prazole) MOA
proton pump inhibitor,
| irreversibly inhibits H/K pump on parietal cells
61
ranitidine MOA
H2 receptor blocker,
| reversibly blocks binding of histamine to H2 receptor on parietal cells
62
ranitidine uses
GERD, PUD
63
ranitidine side effect
gynecomastia
64
antacids MOA
weak bases acting to reduce acidity
65
antacids use
GERD
66
side effects of antacids
AlOH - constipation,
MgOH - diarrhea,
calcium carbonate - hypercalcemia, milk-alkali syndrome,
sodium bicarbonate - flatulence, metabolic alkalosis
67
ondansetron MOA
blocks 5-HT3 receptors present in chemoreceptor trigger zone in brainstem (part of vomiting reflex pathway)
68
promethazine MOA
blocks H1 receptor,
| decreases GI motility
69
promethazine side effets
```
blurry vision,
dry mouth (histaminergic block)
```
70
metoclopramide MOA
blocks D2 dopamine receptors present in chemoreceptor trigger zone in medulla (part of vomiting reflex pathway)
71
metoclopramide uses
treats diabetic gastroparesis (stimulates intestinal motility),
anti-emetic
72
anti-emetics
metoclopramide,
ondansetron,
promethazine
think: "get an anti-emetic or we'll need a MOP"
73
ursodiol MOA
decreases incidence of cholesterol gallstones by:
1. inhibits HMG-CoA reductase
2. decreasing intestinal reabsorption of cholesterol
3. inhibits secretion of cholesterol into bile
74
ursodiol uses
primary biliary cirrhosis,
| cholesterol gallstones
75
sulfasalazine MOA
metabolized by bacteria in colon to sulfapyridine and 5-ASA,
| 5-ASA --> anti inflammatory
76
sulfasalazine uses
inflammatory bowel disease,
| RA/juvenile arthritis
77
anti-diarrheals
diphenoxylate,
| loperamide
78
anti-diarrheal MOA
bind opioid receptors in intestine leading to inhibition of ACh release,
decreases gut peristalsis
79
anthracyclines
doxorubicin,
daunorubicin,
idarubicin
80
anthracyclines MOA
block DNA and RNA synthesis,
produce oxygen free radicals,
disrupt fluid and ion transport,
DAMAGE DNA
81
use of doxorubicin
solid tumors and hematologic malignancies (leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma)
think: "DEOXYRIBOSEin" to remember you're damaging DNA
82
daunorubicin uses
```
acute leukemia (AML, ALL, CML)
neuroblastoma
```
think: "does in daun on you at ALL?"
83
idarubicin use
AML
84
side effects of anthracyclines
cardiac toxicity,
| give dexrazoxane to decrease free radicals (less damage to myocytes)
85
ages for ALL, CLL, AML, CML
ALL - child,
CLL - over 60,
AML - 65,
CML - 45-85
86
dactinomycin MOA
antibiotic derived antineoplastic agent,
inhibits DNA dependent RNA polymerase,
only antineoplastic agent that interferes with RNA synthesis
87
dactinomycin uses
wilms tumor,
ewing sarcoma,
used with methotrexate to treat, gestational choriocarcinoma
88
dactinomycin side effects
bone marrow suppression,
| "radiation recall" - patients with previous radiation may have skin abnormalities
89
similar drug to dactinomycin used to treat testicular cancers and Paget disease of bone?
plicamycin
90
bleomycin MOA
triggers formation of oxygen free radicals
| DAMAGES DNA
91
bleomycin use
testicular tumors
92
bleomycin side effects
pulmonary fibrosis,
anaphylaxis,
bone marrow suppression is rare
think: "patients on bleo have trouble blowing air"
93
MOA of all alkylating agents
damage DNA by cross linking DNA strands
94
busulfan use
CML (philadelphia chromosome)
think: "take the bus to Philly (CML)"
95
busulfan side effects
pulmonary fibrosis,
adrenal insufficiency,
hyperpigmentation,
seizures
96
nitrosoureas (carmustine, streptozocin) uses
```
brain tumors (glioblastoma) - one of the few agents that cross the BBB
streptozocin also used for insulinomas
```
97
nitrosoureas side effects
nephrotoxocity,
| pulmonary fibrosis
98
cisplatin and carboplatin use
GU tumors
99
carboplatin and cisplatin side effects
nephrotoxicity (give amifostine to scavenge free radicals),
ototoxicity,
neurotoxicity
100
cyclophosphamide uses
treats solid and hematologic malignancies
also suppresses B and T cell function (along with cross linking DNA) - used as immunosuppressive drug to treat RA, SLE, Wegener granulomatosis, nephrotic syndrome
101
cyclophosphamide side effects
```
hemorrhagic cystitis (accumulation of metabolite acrolein in urine),
bone marrow suppression
```
102
mechlorethamine use
part of MOPP - treats hodgkin lymphoma
103
procarbazine uses
part of MOPP,
hodgkin lymphoma,
brain tumors
104
patients should avoid what when taking procarbazine?
tyramine,
| metabolite of procarbazine inhibits MAO
105
MOPP protocol
mechlorethamine,
vincristine (oncovin),
procarbazine,
prednisone
106
methotrexate MOA
inhibits dihydrofolate reductase (transforms folic acid to active form FH4 - precursor for thymidylate formation)
decreased DNA synthesis
107
methotrexate uses
variety of cancers
immunosuppressant used for RA, crohn's, scleroderma, psoriasis
abortifacient when given with prostaglandin
108
methotrexate side effects
```
teratogen,
pulmonary toxicity,
bone marrow suppression,
hepatotoxicity,
nephrotoxicity,
mucositis
```
109
leucovorin (folinic acid)
given with methotrexate to minimized bone marrow suppression due to lack of folate coenzymes,
bypases inhibited enzyme to provide folate supply
110
6-mercaptopurine MOA
converted to thio-IMP by HGPRT (purine salvage pathway),
thio-IMP acts as purine analog and inhibits purine synthesis,
thio-IMP also converted to thio-GTP which destabilizes DNA and RNA
111
6-mercaptopurine uses
leukemias (ALL),
nonhodgkin lymphoma,
immunosuppressant - inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis
112
6-mercaptopurine is metabolized by what enzyme and is therefore contraindicated with what drug?
xanthine oxidase,
| allopurinol
113
6-mercaptopurine side effect
bone marrow suppression
114
azathioprine MOA
analog of 6-MP, gets converted into 6-MP within the cell -->
used as immunosuppressant in autoimmune diseases such as SLE, IBD, RA, ITP, and MS
think: "Azathioprine is an analogue of mercaptopurine"
115
5-FU MOA
converted to 5-fdUMP which inhibits thymidylate synthase
| disrupts DNA synthesis
116
5-FU uses
adenocarcinomas (ex. colon)
117
5-FU side effects
bone marrow suppression,
photosensitivity,
anorexia,
oral ulcerations
118
cytarabine MOA
converted to araCTP which competitively inhibits DNA polymerase and DNA synthesis
119
cytarabine uses
AML,
| lymphomas
120
cytarabine side effects
bone marrow suppression,
| pancytopenia (decreased RBC, WBC, and platelets)
121
etoposide MOA
inhibits topoisomerase II,
| DNA strand breakage
122
etoposide uses and side effect
small cell lung carcinoma,
other solid tumors,
hematologic malignancies
SE: bone marrow suppression
123
vincristine and vinblastine MOA
bind to tubulin and depolymerize the mitotic spindle
124
vincristine uses
ALL,
| lymphomas (MOPP)
125
vincristine side effects
peripheral neuropathy,
| myelosuppression is rare
126
vinblastine uses
testicular cancer,
| lymphomas
127
vinblastine side effect
bone marrow suppression
think: vinblastine causes bone marrow suppression
128
paclitaxel MOA
binds tubulin and stabilizes and polymerizes the mitotic spindle
think: "paclitaxel polymerizes"
129
paclitaxel uses
ovarian and breast cancer
| coats coronary artery stents to prevent restenosis
130
paclitaxel uses
ovarian and breast cancer,
| coats coronary artery stents to prevent restenosis
131
paclitaxel side effects
hypersensitivity (rash),
neurotoxicity,
bone marrow suppression
132
rituximab side effects
infusion reaction,
| acute renal failure
133
hydroxyurea MOA
inhibits ribonucleotide reductase leading to decreased DNA synthesis
134
hydroxyurea uses
CML,
melanoma,
sickle cell
135
trastuzumab MOA
monoclonal antibody against HER2/neu (erb-B2) receptor which is overexpressed in 1/3 of breast cancers
136
trastuzumab use
breast cancer
137
trastuzumab side effects
cardiac toxicity,
| neutropenia
138
imatinib MOA
competitive inhibitor of tyrosine kinase enzymes in abl, c-kit, and PDGF-R (all genes for cellular growth)
139
imatinib uses
CML (bcr-abl)
| GIST (c-kit)
140
imatinib side effects
fluid retention (edema),
rash,
heart failure
141
rituxumab MOA
monoclonal antibody against CD20 found on B cells,
| induces B cell lysis upon binding
142
rituximab uses & side effect
non hodgkin lymphoma,
CLL,
RA
SE: infusion reaction, acute renal failure
143
drug similar to infliximab
adalimumab
144
aspirin uses
anti pyretic,
anti inflammatory,
anti platelet,
analgesic
145
aspirin side effect
reye's syndrome (fatty liver) in kids with viral infection
146
celecoxib MOA
irreversibe inhibitor of COX2,
| decreased prostaglandins
147
celecoxib uses
RA, OA, reduce colonic polyps in patients with FAP
148
celecoxib side effects
GI upset,
interstitial nephritis,
increased risk of thrombosis
149
NSAID MOA
reversible inhibitor of COX 1 and 2
| decreased prostaglandins
150
zero order kinetics
eliminated at constant rate over time
| aspirin, phenytoin, alcohol
151
side effects of NSAIDs
GI bleeding,
| interstitial nephritis
152
acetaminophen MOA
reversibly inhibits COX 1 and 2,
decreased prostaglandins in CNS
(not as much peripherally)
153
acetaminophen uses
analgesia,
anti pyretic,
minimal anti inflammatory effects,
used in kids who need aspirin to avoid, Reye's syndrome
154
P450 substrates
Always Think When Outdoors
anti-epileptics,
theophylline,
warfarin,
OCPs
155
zileuton MOA
inhibits 5-lipoxygenase,
| decreases levels of leukotriene B4
156
zileuton use
prevention of asthma
157
zileuton SE
eosinophilic vasculitis
158
zafirlukast (montelukast) MOA
reversible inhibitor of cysteinyl leukotriene-I receptor
decreases leukotriene C4, D4, and E4 which are bronchoconstrictors and mucus secretors
think: "ZafirLUKast inhibits LEUKotrienes"
159
zafirlukast use
prevention of asthma
160
zafirlukast SE
eosinophilic vasculitis
161
cromolyn
inhaled anti inflammatory used to prevent asthma exacerbations,
inhibits release of histamine from mast cells
162
cyclosporine MOA
inhibits calcineurin which normally activates IL-2,
| IL-2 production decreased
163
cyclosporine uses
immunosuppressant in transplant patients,
graft vs host disease,
RA
164
cyclosporine side effects
nephrotoxicity,
hepatotoxicity,
hyperglycemia
165
tacrolimus uses
immunosuppressant in transplant patients,
| crohn's disease
166
tacrolimus SE
increased risk of infection
167
sirolimus
immunosuppressant used in transplant patients,
| inhibits mTOR
168
interferon B (produced by fibroblasts) use
multiple sclerosis
169
interferon gamma (produced by CD4 T cells) use
chronic granulomatous disease
170
etanercept uses
autoimmune diseases (RA)
171
gold salts use
rheumatoid arthritis
172
infliximab MOA
chimeric antibody,
| inhibits TNFa binding
173
infliximab uses
autoimmune diseases - RA, IBD, psoriasis
think: "infliximab: inflammatory bowel disease"
174
thalidomide MOA
decreases TNFa,
| not well understood
175
thalidomide uses
erythema nodosum leprae,
| multiple myeloma
176
thalidomide SE
sedation,
increased risk of DVT,
teratogen (causing phocomelia - shortening/absence of limbs)
177
alprastadil use
prostaglandin used to treat erectile dysfunction
think: "alprastaDYl - erectile DYsfunction"
178
misoprostol uses
prostaglandin used to treat gastric ulcers (increases mucosal protecton),
abortifacient when given with methotrexate
think: "misoprostol increases mucosal protection"
179
latanoprost use
prostaglandin used to treat chronic glaucoma
think: latanoprost - lens
180
diphenhydramine (1st gen histamine blockers) uses
urticaria and other allergic reactions
| motion sickness
181
promethazine use
anti-emetic
182
meclizine uses
vertigo,
| motion sickness
183
1st gen histamine blockers SE
sedation,
| anti cholinergic effects (dry mouth, blurry vision)
184
2nd generation histamine blockers
fexofenadine (allegra),
loratadine,
cetirizine
185
2nd gen histamine blockers (fexofenadine) uses
allergic rhinitis (seasonal allergies)
186
2nd gen histamine blockers do not cause what?
sedation,
| do not cross BBB
187
theophylline MOA
inhibits PDE,
| bronchodilation
188
theophylline uses
acute and chronic asthma
189
theophylline SE
cardiac arrhythmias,
| narrow therapeutic index
190
guaifenesin
expectorant,
clears phlegm via stimulation of respiratory tract secretion flow,
secretion of less viscous mucous
191
bosentan (-sentan drugs) MOA
competitively inhibits binding of endothelin-I to endothelin receptors
192
bosentan use
treats pulmonary arterial hypertension
193
bosentan side effects
hepatotoxicity,
| teratogen
194
antidote for ethanol
disulfiram
195
antidotes for lead/arsenic
dimercaprol, penicillamine
196
antidote for iron
deferoxamine
197
antidote for CO
100% O2
198
first order kinetics
eliminated at rate proportional to serum concentration
fixed fraction eliminated over time
rate of elimination decreases as serum concentration decreases
199
therapeutic index
area between therapeutic effect and toxic effect
200
potency
amount of drug required to produce a certain response
201
efficacy
maximal response that can be elicited by a drug
202
P450 inducers
CHRONIC ALCOHOLics STeal PHEN-PHEN and Never Refuse Greasy Carbs
```
chronic alcohol use,
st. john's wort,
phenytoin,
phenobarbital,
nevirapine,
rifampin,
griseofulvin,
carbamazepine
```
203
P450 substrates
Always Think When Outdoors
anti-epileptics,
theophylline,
warfarin,
OCPs
204
P450 inhibitors
AAA RACKS IN GQ Magazine
```
acute alcohol abuse,
ritonavir,
amiodarone,
cimetidine,
ketoconazole,
sulfonamides,
isoniazid (INH),
grapefruit juice,
quinidine,
macrolides (except azithromycin)
```
205
etoposide side effect
bone marrow suppression
206
NSAID uses
anti pyretic,
anti inflammatory,
analgesic
207
mycophenolate mofetil MOA
inhibits monophosphate dehydrogenase via B and T cells
208
mycophenolate mofetil uses
immunosuppressant in transplant patients
| autoimmune disorders
209
interferon a (produced by leukocytes) uses
cancers (kaposi sarcoma)
| chronic hep B and C
210
etanercept MOA
inhibits binding of TNFa and TNFb to their receptors,
| anti inflammatory
211
infliximab uses
autoimmune diseases - RA, IBD, psoriasis
212
thalidomide contraindication
pregnancy,
| causes phocomelia - shortening or absence of limbs
213
dinoprostone use
prostaglandin abortifacient
214
first generation histamine blockers
```
diphenhydramine,
promethazine,
meclizine,
hydroxyzine,
doxylamine
```
215
fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole
| side effects
less of an endocrine effect than the ketoconazole/miconazole/clotrimazole
216
where is ergosterol found
ONLY in fungal cell membranes
217
how to prevent red man syndrome?
co-administer with anti-histamines or at a slow infusion rate
218
drugs that induce megaloblastic anemia
"You're having a MEGA BLAST with PMS"
hydroxyurea,
phenytoin,
methotrexate,
sulfa drugs
219
chlowRampheNICUl mnemonic
low RBCs = aplastic anemia,
| infants with gray baby syndrome go to the NICU
220
adrenergic agonists and antagonists are involved in...
activating the RECEPTOR, which essentially leads to the same effects as the mimetics
221
fenoldapam MOA
D1 receptor agonist
222
hyper(-emia) of any type indicates excess where?
in the BLOOD, not the cell
223
is methyldopa active at dopamine receptors?
no! it's active at alpha-2 receptors
224
oxybutynin side effects
cholinergic blockade symptoms
225
associate -stigmine with what kind of drug?
cholinesterase inhibitors --> cholinergic effects
226
CC: status epilepticus
single seizure lasting more than 5 minutes
think: "Phive minutes", or 2 seizures within 5 minutes
227
CC: fetal hydantoin syndrome,
| define, and caused by which drug
sxs incl: cleft lip/palate,
microcephaly,
mental retardation
caused by PHENYTOIN
228
CC: trigeminal neuralgia
| define and tx
chronic pain condition that affects the trigeminal nerve, which carries sensation from your face to your brain
tx with Carbamazepine
229
ester anesthetic agents
procaine,
cocaine,
tetracaine,
benzocaine
230
amide anesthetic agents
bupivacaine and lidocaine
231
CC: malignant hyperthermia
hyperthermia,
tachycardia,
acidosis,
muscle breakdown
232
CC: neuroleptic malignant syndrome
hyperthermia,
mental status change,
muscle breakdown,
autonomic instability
233
opioids: drugs
```
meperidine,
fentanyl,
dextromethorphan,
morphine,
codeine,
oxycodone,
hydrocodone,
hydromorphone,
heroin
```
234
opioids MOA
bind opioid receptors --> hyperpolarization of neural cells via Ca2+ and K+ ion channels
235
opioids use
pain control,
cough suppressant (codeine and dextromethorphan),
diarrhea (diphenoxylate, an analogue of meperidine),
acute pulmonary edema (morphine: reduces anxiety and cardiac preload)
236
opioids issues
dependence issues,
methadone helps ease withdrawal symptoms
237
opioid overdose tx
naloxone and naltrexone are opioid receptor antagonists that treat overdoses
238
smoking cessation agents
buproprion,
| varenicline
239
calcium channel blockers (CCBs) use
cause vascular smooth muscle relaxation; tx HTN and angina
| drugs are verapamil and diltiazem
240
what are the class II anti-arrhythmic agents?
beta-blockers (propranolol, carvedilol, metoprolol)
241
osmotic diuretics
isosorbide,
mannitol,
urea,
glycerin
think: "I MUG"
242
loop diuretics
furosemide,
bumetanide,
ethacrynic acid,
torsemide
think: "lasix for loop diuretics", "loop earrings for earthacrynic acid"
243
thiazide diuretics
-thiazide,
-thalidone,
metolazone,
indapamide
think: "D in thiazide for DCT"
244
K+ sparing diuretics
aldosterone receptor antagonists (spironolactone, eplerenone),
na+ channel blockers (triamterene, amiloride)
245
anti-coagulants
```
heparin,
warfarin,
direct thrombin inhibitors (argatroban),
fondaparinux,
rivaroxaban
```
246
anti-platelet agents
```
clopidogrel,
abciximab,
acetylsalicylic acid,
prasugrel,
cilastazol,
dipyridamole
```
247
other hematologic agents
fibrinolytic agents (streptokinase),
aminocaproic acid,
synthetic erythropoietin
248
heparin: test to monitor
PTT, for intrinsic pathway
249
warfarin: test to monitor
PT, for extrinsic pathway
250
direct thrombin inhibitors (argatroban): test to monitor
PT & PTT
251
rivaroxaban MOA
inhibits both the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation cascade
252
fondaparinux side effect
bleeding
253
lead/arsenic poisoning antidote
dimercaprol, penicillamine
254
first-generation histamine blockers
```
diphenhydramine,
promethazine,
meclizine,
hydroxyzine,
doxylamine
```
255
dinoprostone MOA and use
prostaglandin,
use: abortifacient
256
infliximab side effect
increased susceptibility to infection
257
eTaNercept MOA
inhibits the binding of TNF-alpha and TNF-beta molecules to their receptors = anti-inflammatory effects
258
interferon-alpha (produced by leukocytes) use
cancers (kaposi's sarcoma),
| chronic hepatitis B and C
259
mycophenolate mofetil MOA
inhibits monophosphate dehydrogenase via B and T lymphocytes
260
mycophenolate mofetil uses
immunosuppressant in transplant patients;
| also used to treat autoimmune disorders
261
tacrolimus MOA
inhibits calcineurin via binding to FKBP-12 = IL-2 production is decreased
262
acetaminophen side effect
fatal hepatotoxicity with overdose,
give acetylcysteine for antidote
263
NSAIDs
ibuprofen,
naproxen,
indomethacin,
diclofenac
264
NSAIDs MOA
reversible inhibitor of COX-1 and 2 = decreased prostaglandins
265
NSAIDs side effects
GI bleeding,
interstitial nephritis
does NOT have anti-platelet effects
