Pharm Quiz 2 Flashcards
Biomarker
The presence of a substance that indicates the presence of a specific phenomena.
What medications have decreased effects due to genes?
Warfarin, Clopidogrel, Isoniazid, some cancer meds
What medication has a different effect due to genes?
B-Blockers (tend to favor pts with European genes)
How does carbamazepine effect people differently?
Can cause a life-threatening skin condition to patients of Asian descent.
What HIV drug can be life threatening?
Abacavir (Ziagen)
How much does GFR increase in the third trimester?
It doubles
What percentage of genetic abnormalities are caused by drugs?
1%
Preimplantation/Presomite Period
Drugs work in an all or nothing fashion
Embryonic Period (1st Trimester)
Gross abnormalities are most likely
Fetal Period (2nd and 3rd Trimesters)
Disruption in function especially brain development
Organogenesis
Weeks 3-8: If drug taken during this time, 2 ultrasounds should be done.
What criteria must be met to prove that a drug is teratogenic?
It must affect specific structures.
It must happen during a specific time.
Increasing doses lead to worse effects.
Category Risk A:
Studies have been done and there is little risk to the fetus.
Category Risk B:
No studies have been done or harm to animals but not humans.
Category Risk C:
No controlled studies or risk showed in animals.
Category Risk D:
Studies do show risks but benefits might outweigh risks.
Category Risk X:
Risks do not outweigh benefits.
How should patients of reproductive age be educated?
50% of pregnancies are unintended, so if taking a teratogenic medication, at least 1 form of birth control should be used.
What guidelines should be followed when dosing a breast-feeding mother?
Take directly after breast feeding.
Do not use a long-acting medication.
Avoid medications with a long half-life.
Choose drugs that tend to be excluded by milk.
Pediatric Patient
Up to 16
Premature Infants
<36 weeks
Neonates
First 4 weeks of life
Infants
First year of life
Absorption Infants and Neonates
Gastric emptying is delayed which leads to increased absorption in the stomach and decreased in the intestine. Gastric pH is also increased –> increased absorption.
