Pharm Module 1 Ch. 1 Flashcards
Name the three different areas of Pharmacology??
- ) Molecular
- ) Toxicology
- ) Clinical
Define Molecular Pharmacology
The design of the drug
Define Toxicology Pharmacology
The study of toxic or poisonous drug effects
Define Clinical Pharmacology
The testing and therapeutic use of drugs
Define Drug
Any biologically active substance
Define medicine
A drug that is deliberately administered for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of a condition or malady
Define Rx and where the root word comes from
Rx = perscription, from latin word “recipe” meaning prepare to take. Combining of ingredients to form a medicinal compound. Herbs used frequently
Apothecary
Person who combined and dispensed drugs 15-17th century England and18th century America
What are some Apothecary measurements that are still used today??
Gallon, quart, pint, and grain
How much does a grain equal today?
~60mg=1grain
Metric system measurements used today??
Grams, centimeters, and mL
Process of Rx from development to you taking it
The Rx is formulated by a drug company, physician prescribes drug, pharmacist dispenses drug to you
ATC
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. Published in 1967.
The classification system divides drugs into different groups according to organ/system they act and/or their therapeutic and chemical characteristics
The ATC classification system uses ______ and _______.
Categories (mechanism of action or structure) and Uses (therapeutic benefits)
USP
United States Pharmacopeia which organizes drugs into 41 therapeutic categories(categories broken down into 146 unique groupings)
In this class drugs are loosely classified or categorized according to…
mechanism of action, effects, name and chemical configuration, disease or diseases they treat, or for any other reason seem fitted
What are the three general medical uses of drugs??
- ) Treatment (therapeutic)
- ) Diagnosis
- ) Prevention
Give 3 examples of therapeutic drugs uses
a. ) antibiotics -> infections(bacteria)
b. ) analgesics -> control of pain
c. ) Hormones -> replacement therapy (HRT)
Give 2 examples of preventive drug uses
a. ) vaccinations and immunizations
b. ) motion sickness
Give 2 examples of diagnosis drug uses
a. ) thallium, exercise stress test
b. ) radiopaque, x ray
Name 4 drugs derived from plants
- ) Digitalis (Lanoxin), derived from foxglove plant, used in heart failure to increase contraction.
- ) Scopolamine(motion sickness) and Atropine, derived from the belladonna and sometimes used by Italian woman as cosmetics to dilate their eyes.
- ) ephedrine - used as a bronchodilator and decongestant
- ) galantamine (reminyl) - derived from daffodil bulbs, treats Alzheimer disease
Botox is derived from…
derived from the bacterium that causes botulism
Drugs derived from animals…
- ) Thyroid Hormone
- ) Premarin
- ) Insulin - comes from pancreas of cows and pigs
Mineral sources
Potassium, lithium, iron, calcium
Radiology: Technetium, Thallium, Barium
Drugs were initially found in _____ but today most drugs are made in _____.
nature, labs
Before 1906, the phrase “buyer beware” meant…
Before drug laws, many dangerous drugs were available and unregulated. Therapeutic effects were misused or ignored.
The book “Drood” by Dan Simmons is a great example of??
Mislabeled dangerous drugs:London underground opium dens of the victorian age (19th century)
Movie Tombstone, Mattie is a abusing which drug?? Mislabeled and dangerous drugs
Laudanum (used in surgery for pain, misused by Mattie)
Bateman’s original pectoral drops and Mrs. Winslow’s soothing syrup are good examples of mislabeled dangerous drugs filed with…
Large amounts of morphine, cocaine, and alcohol
Define the term “patent medication”
medical compounds of questionable effectiveness sold under a variety of names and labels. Sold out of cars and wagons, no federal regulation
Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, “Willey Act”
Food manufacturers must use pure ingredients and accurate labeling. !st federal legislation
Harrison Narcotic at of 1914
Cocaine and heroin were regulated by this law, taxation and regulation of interstate commerce
FDCA
The Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938: No new drugs can be marketed until proved safe for use under the conditions described on the lablel and approved by the FDA
Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act
FDCA 1938. Now drug marketing tell its proven safe under FDA conditions
What law currently regulates drug quality??
The Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938
Which drug replaced the Wiley Act (Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906)?
FDCA of 1938
The FDCA established the creation of what Administration??
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) - mandating pure ingredients and safety tests on proposed new drugs
What did the thalidomide tragedy cause in the 1960s??
Responsible for a serious birth defect in thousands of infants mostly in Europe.
Introducing the Kefauver Harris Amendment or Drug Efficacy Amendment of 1962 (“proof of efficacy”/side effects requirment)
Who Is Dr. Frances Kelsey??
The Dr. that prevented Thalidomide from being approved in the US. Saved a generation from birth defects
What is the responsibility of the FDA??
To protect and promote public health throught the regulation and supervision of food safety, drugs, tobacco products, etc…(also enforces other laws - sanitation on interstate travel and control of disease on products)
The FDA has what authority??
To pull a drug off the market or force manufacturers to correct misleading advertising about their drugs
Once a drug is recalled, it becomes the responsibility of the manufacturer to inform…
Hospitals, Doctors, pharmacists, and consumers
What did the Prescription Drug Amendment of 1951 address??
Defining prescription drugs as those that are require supervision of an MD and OTC drugs as those that didnt
The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) 1970 did what??
Under the CSA, all drugs are categorized into one of five “schedules”.
A substance’s scheduling is based on three factors…
- ) its medicinal value
- ) its possible harmfulness to human health
- ) its potential for abuse or addiction
Schedule I is the most ______ and Schedule V is the least ______.
Dangerous and no recognized medical use, least dangerous
Dietary Supplements and Health Education Act of 1994
Worst drug legislation to date. Manufacturers are liable for their dietary supplements and health foods, they can make whetever unproven claim they wish and be sold at any venue
FDA Modernization Act of 1997 signed by Pres. Clinton…
Drugs used in life threatening situations became the focus of the law, leading to shortened approval times or for “off-label” purposes
