Pharm large int

Question 1

length + diameter colon?

Answer 1

1.5m, 6cm

Question 2

How long does it take for material to pass through large intestine?

Answer 2

18-24hrs

Question 3

Fluid reabsorption takes place in the?

Answer 3

Ascending colon, transverse colon

Question 4

Final “dryging” dessication and storgae takes place in the?

Answer 4

descending colon, sigmoid colon

Question 5

bacterial fermentation takes place in the

Answer 5

Ascending colon, transverse colon

Question 6

What is the gastroileal reflex?

Answer 6

peristalsis in the ileum
opening of the ileocecal valve
produces urge to defecate

Question 7

T/F

Ileocaecal sphincter acts as a ‘one way valve’

Answer 7

T

Question 8

Gastroileal reflec under control of?

Answer 8

Vagus nerve
sympathetic nerves
enteric neurones

Question 9

Gastroileal reflec stimulated by?

Answer 9

gastric distension

Question 10

Major function of LI?

Answer 10

• Fluid reabsorption: H20, Na+, Cl-
• Secretion: K+, HCO3-, mucus
• Absorption of short chain fatty acids
• Sotrage colonic contents
• eliminate faeces

Question 11

Secretion of bicarbonate serves to

Answer 11

neutralise acid produced by bacterial fermentation

Question 12

Large I motility consists of?

Answer 12

Mass movements
Haustrations
Defecation reflex

Question 13

Mass movements triggered by

Answer 13

meal - gastrocolic reflex

Question 14

Haustration is

Answer 14

non propulsive segmentation caused by contraction of cricular muscle

allows time for reabsorption

Question 15

How does the defecation reflex start?

Answer 15

• mass movement fills rectum with poop

- this activates rectal stretch receptors

Question 16

pelvic stretch receptors activate which nerve?

Answer 16

PELVIC

Question 17

Pelvic nerves leads to activation of which afferents?

Answer 17

• afferents to spinal cord which activates Parasympathetic efferents
• afferents to brain (urge to poop) leads to efferents to spinal cord

Question 18

efferents to spinal cords stimulate?

Answer 18

contraction of skeletal muscle of EXTERNAL sphincter

Question 19

Parasympathetic efferents stimulate?

Answer 19

contraction smooth muscle in colon and rectum. INTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER relaxes
causes EITHER
- contraction or RELAXATIONof skeletal muscle of EXTERNAL sphincter

Question 20

RELAXATIONof skeletal muscle of EXTERNAL sphincter leads to

Answer 20

defaecation assisted by abdominal contraction and expiration against closed glottis

Question 21

contraction of skeletal muscle of EXTERNAL sphincter leads to

Answer 21

defaecation delayed, rectal wall gradually relax

Question 22

Colonic bacteria synthesise _____ and _____ from carbohydrates

Answer 22

Vitamin K2, free fatty acids

Question 23

5ASA work by?

Answer 23

Inhibit cyclooxygenase and lipooxygenase
- Less prostaglandins
- Neutrophils 
TNFa 
-superoxide generation
reduce inflammation

Question 24

sulfaslazine is a ?

Answer 24

5aminosalicylic acid with a sulfpyridine bonc

breaks down in colon

Question 25

rashes, arthralgias, blood dyscrasias

are side effects of? because?

Answer 25

sulfasalazine because of absorption of sulfapyridine

Question 26

What supplement is advised during use of 5ASA?

Answer 26

folic acid

Question 27

Mesalazine is relased in?

Answer 27

colon, coated with polymer

Question 28

Which out of metsalazine and sulfasalazine is tolerated best

Answer 28

mesalazine

Question 29

Which drug is Highly effective in both acute ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s

Answer 29

glucocorticosteroids

Question 30

What are the main glucocorticosteroids used in IBD?

Answer 30

Prednisolone and budesonide

Question 31

there is a High incidence of IBD patients becoming-

Answer 31

Steroid dependent

Steroid resistant

Question 32

Which drug is Reserved for severe disease unresponsive to corticosteroids

Answer 32

Azathioprine IMMUNOSUPRESSANT

Question 33

How does azathioprine work?

Answer 33

Inhibit T cell function

Question 34

azathioprine has a ___ onset of action

Answer 34

slwo

Question 35

What are biological agents?

Answer 35

antibodies

Question 36

biological agents are? (£-£££?)

Answer 36

expensive ££££

Question 37

Examples of biological agents?

Answer 37

Infliximab

Adalimumab

Question 38

What drugs are used secondary to diet and lifestyle changes in IBS?

Answer 38

Antispasmodics
Laxatives
Antimotility drugs

Question 39

What are antispasmodic drugs made up of?

Answer 39

Antimuscarinc compounds inhibt parasymp activity in GIT

Direct smooth muscle relaxants

Question 40

what are the reserve drugs for Visceral hypersensitivity (IBS)?

Answer 40

Tricyclic antidepressants

SSRI (citalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine)