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Pharmacology > Pharm II - Final Material > Flashcards

Pharm II - Final Material Flashcards

1
Q

Agents that dilate the pupil

A

Mydriatics

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2
Q

Agents that cause paralysis of accommodation

A

Cycloplegics (Homatropine)

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3
Q

Agents that cause pupillary constriction

A

Miotics (Pilocarpine)

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4
Q

A “dendritic figure” seen in the eye is consistent with ___.

A

herpes keratitis

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5
Q

Fluorescein dye was found to be an excellent culture medium for ___.

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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6
Q

Name for dry eyes

A

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca

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7
Q

Indication: Cyclosporine (Restasis)

A

Post-transplant rejection, chronic dry eyes

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8
Q

MOA: Cyclosporine (Restasis)

A

T-cell inhibition diminishes inflammation -> inc. tear production

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9
Q

Class: Tetrahydrozoline (Visine)

A

Ocular astringent, redness reliever

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10
Q

MOA: Tetrahydrozoline (Visine)

A

Tetrahydrozoline = Vasoconstriction

Zinc sulfate = astringent

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11
Q

Indication: Tetrahydrozoline (Visine)

A

Allergic conjunctivitis, redness of the eyes

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12
Q

Side effects: Tetrahydrozoline (Visine)

A

Local irritation, rebound vasodilation

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13
Q

Class: Azelastine (Optivar)

A

Ocular antihistamine

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14
Q

MOA: Azelastine (Optivar)

A

Blocks H1 receptor sites

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15
Q

Indication: Azelastine (Optivar)

A

Allergic conjunctivitis

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16
Q

Class: Ketorolac (Acular)

A

Ocular NSAID

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17
Q

MOA: Ketorolac (Acular)

A

COX inhibitor

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18
Q

Indication: Ketorolac (Acular)

A

Ocular discomfort from swelling

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19
Q

Class: Bacitracin-Polymyxin B (Polysporin Ophthalmic)

A

Antibiotic

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20
Q

Indication: Bacitracin-Polymyxin B (Polysporin Ophthalmic)

A

Bacterial conjunctivitis, blepharitis, corneal ulcers, styes, infected tear ducts, prophylactic after corneal abrasion

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21
Q

MOA: Bacitracin-Polymyxin B (Polysporin Ophthalmic)

A

Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

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22
Q

Class: Vidarabine (Ara-A)

A

Antiviral, specific for HSV

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23
Q

Indication: Vidarabine (Ara-A)

A

HSV keratoconjunctivitis

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24
Q

MOA: Vidarabine (Ara-A)

A

Inhibits viral DNA synthesis

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25
Q

MC type of glaucoma

A

Primary open angle glaucoma

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26
Q

Drugs for glaucoma (5)

A 
Beta-blockers
Prostaglandin analogs
Mitotic agents
Alpha agonists
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
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27
Q

Class: Timolol (Timoptic)

A

Ocular beta-adrenergic antagonist

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28
Q

Indication: Timolol (Timoptic)

A

Glaucoma

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29
Q

MOA: Timolol (Timoptic)

A

Blocks ocular effects of EPI -> dec. production of aqueous humor

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30
Q

Side effects: Timolol (Timoptic)

A

Systemic absorption -> worsening of asthma/emphysema, low BP, fatigue, impotence

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31
Q

Class: Latanoprost (Xalatan)

A

Selective prostaglandin receptor agonist

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32
Q

MOA: Latanoprost (Xalatan)

A

Prostaglandin receptor agonist -> inc. uveoscleral outflow -> dec. intraocular pressure

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33
Q

Side effects: Latanoprost (Xalatan)

A

Local irritation, heterochromia, lengthening/thickening/darkening of eyelashes

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34
Q

Heterochromia

A

darkening of the iris to brown

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35
Q

MOA: Mitotic agents

A

Contraction of ciliary muscle -> tightening of trabecular meshwork -> inc. outflow of aqueous humor

36
Q

Functions of the skin (5)

A 
Protection
Thermoregulation
Immune response
Biochemical synthesis
Sensory detection
37
Q

For an agent to have any effect beyond “coating” the skin, it must be able to penetrate the ___ of the epidermis.

A

stratum corneum

38
Q

What constitutes PUVA therapy?

A

Psoralen + UVA light exposure

39
Q

Indication: PUVA

A

Psoriasis, vitiligo, T-cell lymphomas, alopecia areata, urticaria pigmentosa

40
Q

Side effects: PUVA

A

N, painful erythema, blistering, INC. RISK FOR SKIN CANCER, advanced aging of skin, actinic keratosis

M - Inc. risk of scrotum/penis skin cancer

41
Q

Class: Polymyxin B (Neomycin/Neosporin)

A

Topical antimicrobial

42
Q

Indication: Polymyxin B (Neomycin/Neosporin)

A

Superficial bacterial skin/eye/ear infx, prophylaxis for bacterial contamination from wounds

43
Q

MOA: Polymyxin B (Neomycin/Neosporin)

A

Bactericidal

Polymyxin disrupts structure of bacterial cell membrane via interaction w/ phospholipids

Bacitracin interferes with peptidoglycans of bacterial cell wall

44
Q

Polymyxin B (Neomycin/Neosporin) can also be prepared with a ___ added.

A

corticosteroid

45
Q

Contraindications: Polymyxin B (Neomycin/Neosporin)

A

Use of otic solution w/ perforated tympanic membrane dt potential ototoxicity of Neomycin

46
Q

Class: Mupirocin (Bactroban)

A

Topical antibiotic

47
Q

Indications: Mupirocin (Bactroban)

A

Impetigo (Staph/Strep skin infx), MRSA

48
Q

Mupirocin (Bactroban) is not effective against ___(2)

A

fungal, viral infx

49
Q

MOA: Mupirocin (Bactroban)

A

Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

50
Q

When treating MRSA, it is generally recommended that Bactroban be applied to the ___ as well as the infx site to ___

A

nares

prevent nasal carriage of infx

51
Q

Class: Ketoconazole (Nizarol)

A

Topical antifungal

52
Q

Indication: Ketoconazole (Nizarol)

A

Superficial fungal infx (tinea pedis/cruris/corporis), superficial yeast infx, seborrheic dermatitis

53
Q

MOA: Ketoconazole (Nizarol)

A

Inhibits sterol synthesis

54
Q

Which class of topical steroids is more potent: Class 1 or Class 7?

A

Class 1

55
Q

What are the most potent topical steroids?

A

Halogenated corticosteroids

56
Q

Side effects (local): Topical steroids

A

skin atrophy, striae, telangiectasias, purpura, acneiform lesion, perioral dermatitis, overgrowth of skin fungus and bacteria, hypopigmentation, rosacea

57
Q

Side effects (systemic): Topical steroids

A

Suppression of HPA axis, inc. risk for hyperglycemia/osteoporosis/osteonecrosis

58
Q

Class: Hydrocortisone (Cortef)

A

Glucocorticoid/corticosteroid

59
Q

MOA: Hydrocortisone (Cortef)

A

Affects gene transcription

60
Q

When using Hydrocortisone (Cortef), minimize application to ___(2)

A

face, areas of thin skin

61
Q

Retinoid treatment can affect ___(4)

A

Cellular proliferation and differentiation
Immune function
Inflammation
Sebum production

62
Q

Diseases responsive to retinoid tx (6)

A 
Cystic/papular acne
BCC
SCC
Actinic keratosis
Psoriasis
Cutaneous aging
63
Q

Class: Tretinoin (Retin A)

A

Vitamin A derivative

64
Q

Indication: Tretinoin (Retin A)

A

Acne, tx of photo-damaged skin

65
Q

MOA: Tretinoin (Retin A)

A

Reduction of hyperkeratinization, inc epidermal thickness, inc. dermal collagen synthesis

66
Q

Side effects: Tretinoin (Retin A)

A

Erythema, peeling, burning/stinging, photosensitivity

67
Q

Class: Isoretinoin (Accutane)

A

Vitamin A derivative

68
Q

Indication: Isoretinoin (Accutane)

A

Acne, acne rosacea, hidradenitis supperativa

69
Q

MOA: Isoretinoin (Accutane)

A

Reduction of hyperkeratinization, reduction in sebaceous gland number/production, reduction of propionibacterium acne

70
Q

After stopping Isoretinoin (Accutane), __% of patients will have a recurrence of acne within 6 months.

A

40%

71
Q

Contraindication: Isoretinoin (Accutane)

A

Category X

72
Q

What should be given to a woman of child-bearing age taking Isoretinoin (Accutane)?

A

Birth control

73
Q

Black box warning: Isoretinoin (Accutane)

A

May cause depression, psychosis, suicidal ideation/attempts, suicide

74
Q

Side effects: Isoretinoin (Accutane)

A

HA, myalgias, arthalgias, hyperlipidemia, fatty liver, hepatitis, pancreatitis, teratogenicity, depression, suicide

75
Q

Step-wise tx of psoriasis

A

Topical corticosteroids
Topical vitamin D
Phototherapy
Systemic tx (oral steroids, methotrexate, TNF inhibitors)

76
Q

Example of psoralen drug

A

Methoxsalen

77
Q

Example of topical vitamin D drug

A

Calciportriene

78
Q

Topical antibiotics for acne (3)

A

Erythromycin, Clindamycin, Metronidazole

79
Q

Topical salicylic acid and topical benzoyl peroxide are two treatments for ___.

A

acne

80
Q

Oil in water emulsion

A

Ointment

81
Q

Water in oil emulsion

A

Cream

82
Q

Powder in water or oil suspension

A

Lotion

83
Q

Medication dissolved in a solvent

A

Solution

84
Q

Factors that increase likelihood of absorption via skin

A

Inc. fat solubility
Neutral charge
Dec. molecular size
Inc. concentration

85
Q

Perioral dermatitis may be exacerbated with the use of ___.

A

topical steroids

86
Q

Patients with psoriasis who have pitting edema are at greater risk for ___ compared to patients without pitting edema.

A

Psoriatic arthritis

87
Q

Ocular steroids pose a risk of ___(2)

A

Drug-induced glaucoma

Cataracts

Pharmacology (4 decks)

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