pharm final Flashcards by Jessica Cervera

through cuts, scratches or wounds

tetanus

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vaccines are example of

activeimmunity

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young, old and smokers high risk

pneumonia

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tetanus and diphtheria

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booster given every ten years

tetanusdiphtheria

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people who have had this should not get flu vaccine

guilliainbarre

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occurs between october and may

influenza

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shingles is caused by

varicellazoster

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transfer of antibodies

passiveimmunity

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tetnus

muscletightening

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thick coating in throat

diphteria

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vaccine for ages 50 and above

shingles

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protects against serious pneumococcal disease including meningitis and bloodstream infections for all adults 65 years or older

pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine

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reduce memory problems
dementia
peripheral vascualr disease
antidoxidant and vasodilatory properties
can cause BLEEDING when used with anticoagulants
avoid during surgery

Ginko Biloba

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lowers cholesterol
lowers BP
natural antibiotic
natural anti-platelet agent
Potientiates anti-diabetic drugs
avoid before surgery
BLEEDING

garlic

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used to treat nausea, joint pain
BLEEDING
irregular heart rate
decrease BP
decrease blood sugar levels

ginger root

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migraine prophylaxis
BLEEDING
can be given to mothers to make their milk come in
can cause preterm labor

feverfew

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build immunity
wound healing
immune suppression
should not take more than 8 weeks

echinacea

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may ease mild to moderate depression
contraindicated for major depression
do NOT use with other antidepressants

St Johns Wort

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generally safe but ineffective
potentiates CNS depressants ex. alcohol

valerian root

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relieves anxiety
promotes sleep
relaxes muscles
liver damage

kava

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damaging to heart CNS
banned from sale in the US

ephedra

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deaths
hospitalization
life-threatening experiences
persistent or significant disabilites
birth defects

dietary supplement and nonprescription drug consumer protection act (2006)

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requires quality control procedures
labeling to reflect active and inactive ingredients

current good manufacturing practices (CGMP)

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package labeling adverse effects inpurities, adulterants, variability

dietary supplement health and education act (DSHEA) 1994

japanese technique for stress reduction and relaxation that also promotes healing "life force energy"

Reiki

life force in correct balance and flow concentration, strength, flexibility, symbolic movements

yoga

promotes the flow of energy throughout the body reduces sx of fibromyalgia used in cardiac rehab programs can lower BP

Tai Chi

major areas: therapeutic objectives

anxiety pain illness depression insomina

pain/cough must be very careful about overdose adults can have 4000 (4g) a day

hydrocodone/acetaminphen hydrocodone/chlorpheniramine

pantoprazole omperazole lansoprazole -gastroesophageal reflux disease -peptic ulcer disease -stress ulcer prophylaxis

proton pump inhibitors

hypothyroidism side effects tachycardia palpitations dyspena on exertion goiter

synthetic thyroxine

decreased responsiveness to a drug as a result of repeated drug admin

tolerance

drugs taken to manage one condition may complicate management of another condition

comorbilidies and drug interactions

good diet can elicit therapeutic responsed and reduce harm from ADRs some food can interact with drugs and cause ADRs

diet

decline in liver or kidney function

increase of levels of drug in system

reduces rate of drug excretion drugs may accumulate to toxic levels

kidney disease

reduces rate of drug metabolism drugs may accumulate to toxic levels

liver disease

if the same dose of a drug is given to a big person and a small person, the drug concentration will be higher in the smaller person

body composition

filter metabolites out of the body cumulative exposure can cause damage

kidneys

ototoxic reactions cause permanent damage very important to catch it early

ears

over 600 drugs are pneumotoxic

lungs

predisone methulpredisolone hydrocortisone reduce inflammation (pain, brochodilation, inflamatory injuries) suppress the immune system (allergic reactions, infectious response)

corticosteroids

levofloxacin ciproflaxin broad spectrum bacterial antibodies excellent for bacterial respiratory infections -bacterial pnemonia -tuberculosis

fluoroquinolones

albuterol levalbuterol brochodilator (fast acting) Asthma COPD bronchospasm due to anaphylaxis

short acting beta-agonists (rescue inhalers)

minimum amount of drug needed to elicit a response

relative potency

maximum response a drug can elicit

maximum efficacy

Definition: relationship between the size of an administered dose and the intensity of the response produced

Dose-response Relationship

drug or poison

Pharmakon

force or power

dynamikos

lower dose

maintenance

good amount of drug in the body so it can effect

highest amount of drug in the body/medication is usually the highest 1-2 hours after the last dose (less than toxic)

peak

lowest amount of drug in the body/seconds before we give the medication again

trough

steady state

plateau

the amount of time for the percentage drug in the body of time to decrease by 50% (how often we will administer a drug)-

drug half life

there are certain drugs that are completley metabolized by the liver the first time they pass through.

first pass effect

the enzymatic alteration of drug structure to a more water-soluble form that can be excreted

Drug Metabolism

Barriers to Absorption None Absorption pattern Variable Water solubility Blood flow

Intramuscular (IM) & Subcutaneous (subQ)

Barriers to Absorption NONE Absorption pattern Instantaneous and complete

intravenous

Barriers to Absorption Epithelial lining of GI tract Capillary wall Absorption pattern Slow and variable

Oral (PO)PO – per os (Latin- by way of mouth)

rate the amount it is dissolved-the quicker to dissolve the quicker we see effects of the drugs

Rate of dissolution

where the drug is absorbed. The larger the surface area the quicker the absorption of the drug.

Surface area

patients who have better blood flow is a quicker/efficient absorption of the drug.

blood flow

cellular membranes are made up of lipids-if medication is lipid soluble it will be absorbed more quickly

lipid solubility

the movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood Rate determines how soon effects will take place Amount determines how intense the effects will be

absorption

lisinopril (Zestril) enalapril (Vasotec) captopril (Capoten) Indications Hypertension Heart failure (helps prevent the heart from remodeling) Angioedema-very severe Dry cough-common side effect High potassium levels

Ace (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme) Inhibitors

atenolol (Tenormin) Metoprolol (Toprol, Lopressor) Indications-reason we give something Hypertension-high bp (main) Chest pain(decrease) Assists the workload of the heart Doses vary based on specific drug Given once or twice a day Side Effects Low heart rate Low blood pressure Dizziness Hides symptoms of hypoglycemia DO NOT stop abruptly – risk of rebound hypertension!!

Beta Blockers

atorvastatin (Lipitor) simvastatin (Zocor) For hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia Will reduce LDL and Triglyceride levels Will raise HDL Regular dose range10-80 mg daily Given at night Side Effects: Decreased liver function/liver failure Rhabdomyolysis- break down of muscle tissue Myalgia-muscle pain

HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins)

healthy volunteers or volunteer patients

clinical testing phase 1

actual patients for what the drug is intended

phase 2 and 3

therapeutic use and dose range

phase 2

safety and effectiveness

phase 3

put it out and watch the effect it has on the people

phase 4

either use a healthy volunteer or (control use)

RCT

study-participants do not know if they are using the new treatment or the control

single blind

both the participant and the researcher do not know who is getting the new drug or the control

double blind

constant

control

Promote therapeutic effects Minimize adverse effects Minimize adverse drug interactions

interventions

how the drug gets there

Pharmacokinetics

how does the drug effect the body

Pharmacodynamics

Able to be metabolized by the body or chemically nullified

Reversible action

Knowing how the patient will respond

Predictability

Convenient route, low number of doses per day

Ease of administration

any chemical that can affect living processes

drug

the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems

pharmacology

the study of drugs in humans

clinical pharmacology

the use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease or to prevent pregnancy

therapeutics