Pharm Final

Question 1

Levalbuterol is an isomer of Albuterol. The ___________________ isomer is the active drug that relives bronchoconstriction in asthma.

Answer 1

R-isomer

Question 2

In asthma, albuterol is a _____________ acting beta-adrenergic agonist that is used to manage ____________.

Answer 2

short acting, acute symptoms

Question 3

In asthma, Formoterol is a _____________ acting beta-adrenergic agonist that is used to manage ____________________.

Answer 3

long acting, long term symptom management

Question 4

Atropine was one of the early anti-muscarinic agents used in asthma. Ipratropium is a newer agent with fewer side effects because it is _____________ and less likely to cross biologic membranes.

Answer 4

less lipophilic

Question 5

Side effects of the commonly used beta-adrenergic agents include hypokalemia, because these agents:

Answer 5

push potassium into the cell

Question 6

Drugs like ipratropium, block _____________ receptors. This blocks ____________, which results in bronchodilation.

Answer 6

muscarinic, acetylcholine

Question 7

In COPD, initiation an inhaled corticosteroid is indicated in patients with ____________________ by the GOLD COPD classification.

Answer 7

sever, stage 3

Question 8

In asthma, a biologic agent like Xolair, can be considered in patients with ____________________ in addition to asthma symptoms.

Answer 8

nasal polyps

Question 9

Sildenafil is a _________________, which increases the production of cGMP, NO and results in pulmonary vasodilation.

Answer 9

phosphodiesterase inhibitor

Question 10

Epoprostenol is an inhaled _________________________ that is used in pulmonary HTN as well as ARDS to promote pulmonary vasculature vasodilation.

Answer 10

prostaglandin analog

Question 11

The primary effect of aspirin is acetylation of _________, which is required for the synthesis of arachidonic acid.

Answer 11

COX

Question 12

Colidogrel is a drug that irreversibly blocks ___________ receptors, which results in inhibition of platelet aggregation.

Answer 12

P2Y12

Question 13

The difference between Clopidogrel and Ticagrelor is that clopidogrel is a ____________ and requires metabolic conversion, while Ticagrelor is a _______________ inhibitor of its target receptor.

Answer 13

prodrug, direct

Question 14

Downstream, Clopidogrel blocks a receptor that binds to ADP, which in turn upregulates ___________ receptors. This receptor binds ______________, which will result in platelet aggregation.

Answer 14

glycoprotein IIb/IIIa, fibrinogen

Question 15

Polymorphisms of Cytochrome ____________ result in a genetic variance in some people that may result in treatment failure of clopidogrel.

Answer 15

2C19

Question 16

Heparin is a highly sulfated polysaccharide that binds anti-thrombin to produce downstream conformational change of __________ and _________ to produce anticoagulation.

Answer 16

Thrombin, Xa

Question 17

Low molecular weight heparins are smaller fragments of unfractionated heparin. The advantages include a ____________ and ____________ compared to UFH.

Answer 17

higher bioavailability, longer half-life

Question 18

Warfarin works by blocking ___________ , an important enzyme in the production of several clotting proteins.

Answer 18

vitamin K epoxide reductase

Question 19

Rivoroxaban is a DOAC that directly inhibits ______, in contrast to heparin, which binds to upstream anti-thrombin.

Answer 19

Factor Xa

Question 20

Statins block _________< which result in the decreased endogenous production of lipids.

Answer 20

HMG-CoA-Reductase

Question 21

Sulfonylureas and meglitinides both work by inhibiting the outflux of potassium ions from the beta cells in the pancreas. This then causes depolarization of the cell, leading to the release of insulin. They differ from each other in the following way:

Answer 21

Meglitinides bind to a different site then sulfonylureas, have a shorter duration of action, and have less risk of hypoglycemia

Question 22

The sodium glucose co-transporter’s function is to:

Answer 22

Anti-diabetic, decrease amount of glucose reabsorbed by kidney

Question 23

Which drug may be prescribed to treat hypothyroidism?

Answer 23

levothyroxine

Question 24

Which of the following is considered a long-acting insulin?

Answer 24

Insulin Glargine

Question 25

Which drug is used in the management of Addison’s Disease?

Answer 25

hydrocortisone