Pharm Final Flashcards
Levalbuterol is an isomer of Albuterol. The ___________________ isomer is the active drug that relives bronchoconstriction in asthma.
R-isomer
In asthma, albuterol is a _____________ acting beta-adrenergic agonist that is used to manage ____________.
short acting, acute symptoms
In asthma, Formoterol is a _____________ acting beta-adrenergic agonist that is used to manage ____________________.
long acting, long term symptom management
Atropine was one of the early anti-muscarinic agents used in asthma. Ipratropium is a newer agent with fewer side effects because it is _____________ and less likely to cross biologic membranes.
less lipophilic
Side effects of the commonly used beta-adrenergic agents include hypokalemia, because these agents:
push potassium into the cell
Drugs like ipratropium, block _____________ receptors. This blocks ____________, which results in bronchodilation.
muscarinic, acetylcholine
In COPD, initiation an inhaled corticosteroid is indicated in patients with ____________________ by the GOLD COPD classification.
sever, stage 3
In asthma, a biologic agent like Xolair, can be considered in patients with ____________________ in addition to asthma symptoms.
nasal polyps
Sildenafil is a _________________, which increases the production of cGMP, NO and results in pulmonary vasodilation.
phosphodiesterase inhibitor
Epoprostenol is an inhaled _________________________ that is used in pulmonary HTN as well as ARDS to promote pulmonary vasculature vasodilation.
prostaglandin analog
The primary effect of aspirin is acetylation of _________, which is required for the synthesis of arachidonic acid.
COX
Colidogrel is a drug that irreversibly blocks ___________ receptors, which results in inhibition of platelet aggregation.
P2Y12
The difference between Clopidogrel and Ticagrelor is that clopidogrel is a ____________ and requires metabolic conversion, while Ticagrelor is a _______________ inhibitor of its target receptor.
prodrug, direct
Downstream, Clopidogrel blocks a receptor that binds to ADP, which in turn upregulates ___________ receptors. This receptor binds ______________, which will result in platelet aggregation.
glycoprotein IIb/IIIa, fibrinogen
Polymorphisms of Cytochrome ____________ result in a genetic variance in some people that may result in treatment failure of clopidogrel.
2C19
Heparin is a highly sulfated polysaccharide that binds anti-thrombin to produce downstream conformational change of __________ and _________ to produce anticoagulation.
Thrombin, Xa
Low molecular weight heparins are smaller fragments of unfractionated heparin. The advantages include a ____________ and ____________ compared to UFH.
higher bioavailability, longer half-life
Warfarin works by blocking ___________ , an important enzyme in the production of several clotting proteins.
vitamin K epoxide reductase
Rivoroxaban is a DOAC that directly inhibits ______, in contrast to heparin, which binds to upstream anti-thrombin.
Factor Xa
Statins block _________< which result in the decreased endogenous production of lipids.
HMG-CoA-Reductase
Sulfonylureas and meglitinides both work by inhibiting the outflux of potassium ions from the beta cells in the pancreas. This then causes depolarization of the cell, leading to the release of insulin. They differ from each other in the following way:
Meglitinides bind to a different site then sulfonylureas, have a shorter duration of action, and have less risk of hypoglycemia
The sodium glucose co-transporter’s function is to:
Anti-diabetic, decrease amount of glucose reabsorbed by kidney
Which drug may be prescribed to treat hypothyroidism?
levothyroxine
Which of the following is considered a long-acting insulin?
Insulin Glargine
Which drug is used in the management of Addison’s Disease?
hydrocortisone
