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Pharmacology N322 > Pharm Final > Flashcards

Pharm Final Flashcards

1
Q

Class

A

Drug

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2
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

medazolam (versed), alprazolam (Xanax), lorazepam (Ativan),temazepam (Restoril)/anxiety, sleep disorders, muscle relaxation, ETOH withdrawal/highly addictive, can cause sedation, lethargy, confusion

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3
Q

Benzodiazepine- Like Drugs

A

zolpidem (Ambien) used for insomnia/do not take with CNS depressants (alcohol), not as addictive as benzos, sleep activity common

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4
Q

Barbiturates

A

sodium thiopental (Pentothal), phenobarbital, secobarbital/used for seizures and as a general anesthetic/severe respiratpry depression and highly additictive

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5
Q

Melatonin Receptor Agonists

A

ramelteon (Rozerem); melatonin/Insomnia, management of delirium/Minimal effects; generally, well tolerated

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6
Q

Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants

A

baclofen (Lioresal); cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril) /treats muscle spasms, back pain and used by wheel chair bound patientscan cause muscle weakness, do not stop abruptly

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7
Q

Valproic Acid

A

valproic acid (Depakote)/all seizure and bipolar disorder/liver toxicity, confusion due to elevated ammonia; can cause pancreatitis

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8
Q

Other

A

gabapentin (Neurontin), lamotrigine (Lamictal), pregabalin (Lyrica),levetiracetam (Keppra) / neuropathic pain, fibermyalgia, partial seizures/do not stop abruptly, depression, respiratory depression

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9
Q

Peripheral Local Anesthetics

A

lidocaine (Xylocaine) /status epilepticus/ bradycardia, hypotension

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10
Q

Methylphenidate

A

methylphenidate (Ritalin)/ADHD, used for to help energy level in cancer patient/insomnia, dry mouth, nervousness

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11
Q

Direct- Acting Dopamine Receptor Agonists

A

pramipexole (Mirapex); ropinirole (Requip)/ Parkinson’s and restless leg syndrome/ postural hypotension, palpitation, will cause movement disorders. Monitor LFT, BUN/Cr

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12
Q

Cholinesterase Inhibitors - cholinergic

A

donepezil (Aricept), galantamine (Razadyne) and rivastigmine (Exelon)/ Improve quality of life for patients with Alzheimer?s Dx: makes acetylcholine more available to improve and maintain memory and learning/SLUDGEMM salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, GI distress, emesis, musce twitch, miosis

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13
Q

Prostaglandin Analogs

A

latanoprost (Xalatan); bimatoprost (Lumigan)/ glaucoma and considered safer then BB /can change color of eyelids and iris, can cause eye lashes to grow

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14
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

lorazepam (Ativan); alprazolam (Xanax); diazepam (Valium)/Anxiety, Seizure disorders, withdrawal/detox/ highky addictive, taper off use, sedation, antidote is aceytylcysteine

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15
Q

Non-Benzos

A

buspirone (Buspar)/treatment of certain anxiety disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) / Begin buspirone 2 to 4 weeks before tapering benzodiazepines due to delayed therapeutic effect of buspirone, HA, blurred vision

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16
Q

SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor)

A

fluoxetine (Prozac); citalopram (Celexa), escitalopram (Lexapro), paroxetine (Paxil), sertraline (Zoloft)/Major Depression, can be used for other mental conditions such as bipolar, OCD, panic/ sexual disfunction, weight gain, suicide risk in first 6 weeks of taking, Serotonin syndrome

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17
Q

SNRI (Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor)

A

venlafaxine (Effexor); duloxetine (Cymbalta) / Major Depression, GAD/ HTN, anorexia, can also have serotonin syndrome and discontinuation syndrome

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18
Q

Atypical Antidepressants

A

bupropion (Wellbutrin), mirtazapine (Remeron), trazodone (Desyrel or Oleptro)/atypical antidepressant/NTH, mania, HA, tremors

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19
Q

Antiepileptics

A

valproic acid (Depakote)/ treats bi-polar and some seizures/ confusion, tiredness, cold feeling, vomiting

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20
Q

Atypical Antipsychotics (Second Generation)

A

risperidone (Risperdal), clozapine (Clozaril), olanzapine (Zyprexa), quetiapine (Seroquel) / Psychosis, Schizophrenia, Bipolar disorder, Autism agitation behaviors/ metabolic syndrome (weight gain, diabetes, high cholesterol), agranuloytosis, insomnia,

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21
Q

Ace Inhibitors

A

captopril (Capoten) lisinopril (Prinivil) +many more - ALL END IN PRIL /used to treat HTN, HF (reduced pre and afterload)/ angioedema, cough, elevated K+ , kidney damage (monitor Bun/Cr), never with another RAAS

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22
Q

Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBS)

A

Losartan (Cozaar), valsartan (Diovan) - ALL END IN SARTAN/ used to treat HTN, HF (reduced pre and afterload)/ postural hypotension, elevated K+ , kidney damage (monitor Bun/Cr), never with another RAAS

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23
Q

Aldosterone Antagonists - K+ sparing

A

spironolactone (Aldactone); triamterene/ HTN, helps prevent adverse effects of aldosterone on cardiovascular structure and function in Heart Failure / hyperkalemia (monitor K+ - hold over 5, renal impairment, impotence, low libido

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24
Q

(non DHP) Ca++ Channel Blockers- relaxes ateries and slow HR conduction

A

verapamil (Calan), diltiazem (Cardizem): / HTN, angina, cardiac dysrrithmias/ severe hypotension, CHF, AV block

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25
Dihydropyridines (DHP) - only on arteries - not heart
amlodipine (Norvasc)/ HTN/ Peripheral Edema, palpitations, fatigue
26
Alpha 1 Adrenergic Blockers
Doxazosin (Cardura); prazosin (Minipress); terazosin (Hytrin) ZOSIN or LOSIN / more for BPH, bladder relax / HA, postural hypotension, nasal congestion
27
Beta 1 Adrenergic Blockers
atenolol (Tenormin), metoprolol (Lopressor): selective Beta 1 block, propranolol (Inderal): non-selective Beta 1 block / HTN, angina, decreased mortality after MI, arrythmias / bradycardia, hypotension, bronchoconstricton, hypoglycemia
28
Alpha/Beta Blockers
carvedilol (Coreg), labetalol (Trandate) / CHF, HF / dizziness, bradycardia, hypotension, hypoglycemia, do not take w/ other alpha/beta blockers (exception: Labetalol used prn for bp)
29
direct peripheral vasodilation by relaxing smooth muscle of vessels
hydralazine (Apresoline), nitroprusside (Nitropress) / HTN, race based treatment when RAAS meds not tolerated / increases HR/palpitations, HA, nausea (due to dilation), fluid retention, SLE
30
Thiazide Diuretics
hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), metolazone (Zaroxolyn) / HTN, CHF, ascities, / Hyponatremia, Hypokalemia- thiazide and loop diuretic SE (watch EKG with K+), Monitor BUN/Cr/GFR- these drugs are ineffective if GFR is <20 monitor with all drugs
31
Loop Diuretics
furosemide (Lasix); bumetanide (Bumex)/ CHF, HTN/ Ototoxicity & Nephrotoxicity: if you give furosemide to fast the ears and kidneys suffer. Will get tinnitus. Monitor BUN/Cr, all electrolytes (K, Na primary). Causes low K and low Na
32
Potassium Sparing Diuretics (AKA ?Aldosterone Antagonist?)
spironolactone (Aldactone); triamterene (Dyrenium) / CHF, HTN / hyperkalemia, facial hair growth in females, or gynecomastia & impotence in males
33
Cardiac Glycosides/inotropic
digoxin (Lanoxin) / HF and treats arrythmias / CAN effects (Halos, see red or green), anorexia, nausea, hold if HR under 60
34
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors ?Statins?
atorvastatin (Lipitor); simvastatin (Zocor); Rosuvastatin (Crestor); Pravastatin (Pravachol) / CAD - reduces LDLs / myopathy, rhabo (muscle aches, tendernessm weakness) (monitor kidney for CPK levels), monitor Liver labs
35
Nitrates
nitroglycerin (Nitro-Dur) patch, isosorbide mononitrate (Imdur) / CAD - treats angina, local vascualr issues / Teach Nitro Protocol for Administration. Check BP & Pulse, give 1 nitro under tongue ? wait 5 minutes, take BP & HR again, then give another 1 pill and again but no more than 3 doses. Do not take with P5 inhibitors (viagra)
36
Class I: Sodium Channel Blockers
IB: Lidocaine, Mexitil / ventricular arrhythmias / bradycardia, can make arrythmias worse, respiratory depression
37
Class II: Beta Blockers
metoprolol succinate (Toprol XL) metoprolol tartrate (Lopressor) / arrythmias, heart failure w/ reduced ejection fraction / CHF, bradycardia, bronchoconstriction
38
Class III: K+ Channel Blockers
amiodarone (Cordarone); bretylium (Tikosyn); ibutilide (Corvert); sotalol (Betapace) / Vfib, Vtach / Pulmonary fibrosis is risk (get a PFT done) to know baseline lung function, blue/grey skin color. Prolonged QT, dig toxicity (K+ they have is being blocked). Lots of education needed (visual changes, nausea)
39
Class IV: Ca++ Channel Blockers
verapamil (Calan); diltiazem (Cardizem) / Afib, Aflutter / CHF, AV block, bradycardia
40
Class V & Miscellaneous
Digoxin, Magnesium Sulfate / HF and treats arrythmias / CAN effects (Halos, see red or green), anorexia, nausea, hold if HR under 60
41
Short Acting Beta 2 adrenergic agonists (SABA)
albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin) / Use short-acting preparations for acute exacerbations / Chest pain, palpitations, tachycardia. Nervousness, restlessness, tremors, insomnia. Monitor and report dizziness, heart palpitations, chest pain, and shortness of breath. PRECAUTIONS, Diabetes mellitus - can cause hyperglycemia
42
Long Acting Beta 2 adrenergic agonists
salmeterol (Serevent Diskus), salmeterol and fluticasone (Advair), budesonide and formoterol (Symbicort) / Use long-acting preparations for long-term control. / Chest pain, palpitations, tachycardia. Nervousness, restlessness, tremors, insomnia. Monitor and report dizziness, heart palpitations, chest pain, and shortness of breath. PRECAUTIONS, Diabetes mellitus - can cause hyperglycemia
43
Inhaled anticholinergics
ipratropium (Atrovent, Atrovent HFA), tiotropium (Spiriva) / has drying effects - anticholinergic, heart palpitations, anxiety, thrush, rinse and spit with water after eacg use.
44
Glucocorticoids
Oral: prednisone; IV: methylprednisone, Inhaled: fluticasone propionate (Flovent), Nasal: fluticasone propionate (Flonase) / asthma, severe persistent / Hyperglycemia, Peptic ulcer disease, Infection, Cushings syndrome, avoid if you have had a live vacination
45
Antihistamines
diphenhydramine (Benadryl), loratidine (Claritin) / antihistamine, decongestant / Drowsiness, dizziness, HA, Anticholinergic effects (dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision), chest tightness, hypotension
46
Opioids
codeine / Stop the cough reflex when cough is non-productive / sedation, constipation, respiratory depression
47
Non-opioid
dextromethorphan (Delsym, Robitussin); benzonatate (Tessalon Perles) / cough / Serotonin syndromw, potential for abuse, nausea, dizziness
48
Expectorants
guaifenesin (Mucinex) / chest congestion / rash, vomitting, nasuea
49
NSAIDS (Cox 1 & 2 Inhibitors)
aspirin (ASA- acetylsalicylic acid); ibuprofen (Motrin); naproxen (Aleve), indomethacin (Indocin); ketorolac (Toradol) / Pain ? reduces by inhibiting release of prostaglandins. Fever. Inflammation. platelet aggregation (aspirin) (*ONLY NSAID CONSIDERED CARDIOPROTECTIVE) / GI bleed and anti-platelet effect, easy bruising, petechiae
50
Acetaminophen
Acetaminophen (Tylenol), Ofirmev IV / Analgesia for mild to moderate pain. Fever reduction / Liver damage (overdose). Max dose adult 4000 mg day. Do not drink alcohol
51
Centrally Acting Nonopioids
tramadol (Ultram) / weak bond to the Mu Receptors and blocks reuptake of NE and Serotonin / Sedation, dizziness, Headache, nausea, vomiting, constipation. Respiratory depression (rare). Seizures (rare) ? Urinary retention
52
Opioid Agonists
morphine; codeine, oxycodone (OxyContin); hydrocodone (Norco); fentanyl (Sublimaze), meperidine (Demerol); methadone / mu receptor agonists, some bind to delta receptors (morphine, fentanyl) ? reduces myocardial oxygen demand. We use in MI?s. / Respiratory depression, Sedation, dizziness, lightheadedness, drowsiness, headache
53
Opioid Antagonists
naloxone (Narcan); naltrexone (used for opioid addiction) / opiod antagonist - reversal agent / 0.4-2 mg q2-3min prn. Increased respiratory rate, blood pressure, heart rate.
54
Steroids
prednisone (Deltasone); hydrocortisone (Solu-Cortef); methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol) / decreases inflammation / Hyperglycemia. Myopathy. Peptic ulcer disease, gastrointestinal discomfort. Infection
55
Uricosurics
Allopurinol (Zyloprim) probenecid; colchicine / uric acid reduction / Drowsiness, headache, vertigo.Agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, bone marrow depression. Metallic taste in the mouth
56
Nonbiologic or DMARD I
methotrexate (Rheumatrex, Trexall), hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil), sulfasalazine (Azulfidine) / hydroxychloroquine ? for malaria and for Lupus, methotrexate for RA / Hepatotoxicity & bone marrow suppression
57
SERMS- Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators
raloxifene (Evista); tamoxifen (used in women with a hx of breast cancer) / used as a hormone receptor in breast cancer / Monitor for thromboembolism and stroke.
58
Bisphosphonates
alendronate (Fosamax); risedronate (Actonel); ibandronate (Boniva) / reduces bone reabsorption by inhbiting osteoclasts / esophagitis, muscle and joint pain
59
Calcitonin
salmon calcitonin (Miacalcin) / for postmenopausal osteoporosis and Paget?s disease / Watch for nasal dryness (route intranasal) and hypocalcemia; Note electrolyte levels
60
Calcium Supplements
Calcium citrate (Citracal); Calcium Carbonate (Tums) / for hypocalcemia / watch for constipation, upset stomach, Increase risk of kidney stones
61
Sulfonylureas
glipizide (Glucotrol) / increases the release of insluin from the pancrease / given 30 minutes before meals, weight gain, heartburn
62
Biguanides
metformin (Glucophage) ? first line drug / Biguanides used for type II diabetes mellitus / monitor for hypoglycemia, renal insufficiency (lactic acidosis when taken before receiving contrast), avoid alcohol consumption, can cause vitamin B12/folic acid deficiency ? anemia, red beefy tongue
63
Rapid acting
lispro (Humalog), aspart (Novolog) ? subcutaneous delivery / rapid acting insulin for diabetes / Rapid onset, usually in about 15 minutes, peak 30 min-3 hours ? should be given within 15 minutes of mealtime, hypoglycemia
64
Long acting
glargine (Lantus) and determir (Levemir) subcutaneous / Long acting insulin for diabetes / Monitor for hypoglycemia, fatigue and drowsiness, no food needed with glargine
65
Hyperglycemics
glucagon (Glucagen) / raise blood glucose to therapeutic range. / if unconscious patient roll on side before injection and use the 15/15 carb method as well.
66
Thyroid replacement
levothyroxine (Synthroid) - oral / Thyroid replacement ? hypothyroidism / Watch for hyperthyroidism (palpitations, diarrhea, flushing) ; do not take with grapefruit or high fiber foods
67
Iron Supplements
ferrous sulfate or gluconate (Iron supplements), iron sucrose (Venofer) / iron supplement / take on empty stomach, black stools, constipation
68
Folic Acids
Folic Acid, Vitamin B9 / supplement for megaloblastic anemia/pregnancy. / Patients can feel flushed when taking this and make sure you are correcting the right type of anemia
69
B12
Cyanocobalamin, Vitamin B12 / man made Vitamin B12 - / important nutrient for the brain and nerves. Also needed to produce red blood cells.
70
Heparins
heparin or enoxaparin (Lovenox) / Anticoagulant / Blood thinner, Monitor PTT, bleeding around mouth, wounds
71
Coumarins
warfarin (Coumadin) / Anticoagulant / Monitor INR labs ( 2-3, normal is 1, expect artificial heart valve may be up to 3.5) and bloody stools/severe bleeding
72
Selective Factor Xa
rivaroxaban (Xarelto) or apixaban (Eliquis) / Anticoagulant / DC 72 hours before procedure with bleeding risk, no labs to monitor
73
Salicylate
Aspirin (ASA) / Antiplatelet, MI prophylaxis / Tinnitus ? hearing loss with extended use, Hold if platelets <100,000
74
ADP Inhibitor
clopidogrel (Plavix), ticagrelor (Brilinta), prasugrel (Effient) / Antiplatelet ? inhibits platelet aggregation / Do not take with P450 inhibitors (omeprazole) and it can cause SOB.
75
Penicillins
Amoxicillin/clavulanic (Augmentin), pipercillin/tazobactam (zozyn), penicillin G / penicillin (antibiotic) / cross rxn with cephalosporin and watch for GI upset, take whole prescription
76
Cephalosporins
1st: Cephalexin (Keflex), 2nd: Cefuroxime (Zinacef), 3rd: Cefdinir, ceftriaxone (Rocephin), 4th: Cefepime (Maxipime), 5th ceftaroline (teflaro) / Cephalosporin/Antibiotic / Diarrhea, dizziness, itching, vomiting or heartburn, take whole prescription
77
vancomycin
vancomycin (Vancocin) / vancomycin/antibiotic / red man syndrome, ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, get trough level before admin
78
Tetracyclines
doxycycline (-cycline), minocycline / tetracylin/antibiotic, treats acne in adults/teens / Things to note: Pt should be educated that teeth discoloration can occur and they should stay out of the sun while taking (photosensitivity)
79
Macrolides
erythromycin, azithromycin (-mycin) / Macrolides, antibiotic / Labs/Assessment/ Nursing Implication: cause photosensitivity, angioedema, hepatotoxicity- watch for LFT, ALT/AST,
80
Fluoroquinolones
ciprofloxacin (Cipro), levofloxacin (-floxacin) / Fluoroquinolones/antibiotic - used for more serious bacterial infections. Monitor for tendon rupture and diarrhea. / Monitor for tendon rupture and diarrhea.
81
Sulfonamides
trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim) / Sulfonamides/antibiotic - antibiotic for urinary tract infection. Used for bladder and kidney bacterial infection. hepatic necrosis. / Watch for hyperkalemia from the raised potassium in the body. Also can cause liver problem like
82
Polyene antibiotics
Nystatin / Antibiotics - Fungal / Monitor for skin irritation, Educate patient about symptoms of an allergic reaction
83
Histamine2-receptor antagonists ?-tidines?
famotidine (Pepcid), cimitidine (tagament) / H2 recpetor antagonist - for stomach ulcers / watch for seizures, hallucinations
84
Proton pump inhibitors ?-prazoles?
omeprazole (Prilosec) / PPI, used to create a lining around the stomach to reduce the acid reflux / monitor for abdominal pain and diarrhea.
85
Serotonin antagonists
ondansetron (Zofran) / Serotonin Inhibitor ? used to treat nausea / Give this drug prophylactically to patients taking opioids or coming out of surgery and give IV for fast effect. prolonged QT
86
Prokinetic
metoclopramide (Reglan) / Anti-emetic, prokinetic / Educate patient about risk of tardive dyskinesia with long term use or high doses. Monitor for dehydration
87
Others to review
dronabinol (Marinol) / this is a derivative of THC / this is used after other antiemetics didn?t work. This is can cause seizures, light-headedness, and confusion.
88
Bulk-forming/fiber supplements
psyllium (Metamucil) / a bulk-forming/fiber supplement used for constipation. imbalances. / power form needs to be mixed with at least 8oz of water and drank very quickly (esophageal obstruction). careful w/ DM and watch for fluid and electrolyte
89
Stool softeners/emollient laxatives
docusate sodium (Colace) / stool softener / Abdominal cramps, rash/fecal/Assess bowel pattern, I&O
90
Stimulant laxatives
bisacodyl (Dulcolax) / stimulant laxative / Watch for abuse with dependence and electrolyte imbalance
91
Estrogen Receptor Blockers
tamoxifen (Soltamox); raloxifene (Evista) ? bone / Given as prevention after mastectomy (decreases return of cancer in post-menopausal women). Prevent Breast CA in high risk healthy woman. Tamoxifen often given to keep people in remission / hot flashes, fluid retention, mood disorders, menstrual irregularities. Can increase risk for endometrial cancers, PE, DVT, n/v, cataracts

Pharmacology N322 (11 decks)

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