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Pharmacology N322 > Pharm Final > Flashcards

Pharm Final Flashcards

1
Q

Class

A

Drug

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2
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

medazolam (versed), alprazolam (Xanax), lorazepam (Ativan),temazepam (Restoril)/anxiety, sleep disorders, muscle relaxation, ETOH withdrawal/highly addictive, can cause sedation, lethargy, confusion

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3
Q

Benzodiazepine- Like Drugs

A

zolpidem (Ambien) used for insomnia/do not take with CNS depressants (alcohol), not as addictive as benzos, sleep activity common

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4
Q

Barbiturates

A

sodium thiopental (Pentothal), phenobarbital, secobarbital/used for seizures and as a general anesthetic/severe respiratpry depression and highly additictive

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5
Q

Melatonin Receptor Agonists

A

ramelteon (Rozerem); melatonin/Insomnia, management of delirium/Minimal effects; generally, well tolerated

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6
Q

Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants

A

baclofen (Lioresal); cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril) /treats muscle spasms, back pain and used by wheel chair bound patientscan cause muscle weakness, do not stop abruptly

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7
Q

Valproic Acid

A

valproic acid (Depakote)/all seizure and bipolar disorder/liver toxicity, confusion due to elevated ammonia; can cause pancreatitis

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8
Q

Other

A

gabapentin (Neurontin), lamotrigine (Lamictal), pregabalin (Lyrica),levetiracetam (Keppra) / neuropathic pain, fibermyalgia, partial seizures/do not stop abruptly, depression, respiratory depression

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9
Q

Peripheral Local Anesthetics

A

lidocaine (Xylocaine) /status epilepticus/ bradycardia, hypotension

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10
Q

Methylphenidate

A

methylphenidate (Ritalin)/ADHD, used for to help energy level in cancer patient/insomnia, dry mouth, nervousness

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11
Q

Direct- Acting Dopamine Receptor Agonists

A

pramipexole (Mirapex); ropinirole (Requip)/ Parkinson’s and restless leg syndrome/ postural hypotension, palpitation, will cause movement disorders. Monitor LFT, BUN/Cr

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12
Q

Cholinesterase Inhibitors - cholinergic

A

donepezil (Aricept), galantamine (Razadyne) and rivastigmine (Exelon)/ Improve quality of life for patients with Alzheimer?s Dx: makes acetylcholine more available to improve and maintain memory and learning/SLUDGEMM salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, GI distress, emesis, musce twitch, miosis

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13
Q

Prostaglandin Analogs

A

latanoprost (Xalatan); bimatoprost (Lumigan)/ glaucoma and considered safer then BB /can change color of eyelids and iris, can cause eye lashes to grow

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14
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

lorazepam (Ativan); alprazolam (Xanax); diazepam (Valium)/Anxiety, Seizure disorders, withdrawal/detox/ highky addictive, taper off use, sedation, antidote is aceytylcysteine

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15
Q

Non-Benzos

A

buspirone (Buspar)/treatment of certain anxiety disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) / Begin buspirone 2 to 4 weeks before tapering benzodiazepines due to delayed therapeutic effect of buspirone, HA, blurred vision

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16
Q

SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor)

A

fluoxetine (Prozac); citalopram (Celexa), escitalopram (Lexapro), paroxetine (Paxil), sertraline (Zoloft)/Major Depression, can be used for other mental conditions such as bipolar, OCD, panic/ sexual disfunction, weight gain, suicide risk in first 6 weeks of taking, Serotonin syndrome

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17
Q

SNRI (Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor)

A

venlafaxine (Effexor); duloxetine (Cymbalta) / Major Depression, GAD/ HTN, anorexia, can also have serotonin syndrome and discontinuation syndrome

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18
Q

Atypical Antidepressants

A

bupropion (Wellbutrin), mirtazapine (Remeron), trazodone (Desyrel or Oleptro)/atypical antidepressant/NTH, mania, HA, tremors

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19
Q

Antiepileptics

A

valproic acid (Depakote)/ treats bi-polar and some seizures/ confusion, tiredness, cold feeling, vomiting

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20
Q

Atypical Antipsychotics (Second Generation)

A

risperidone (Risperdal), clozapine (Clozaril), olanzapine (Zyprexa), quetiapine (Seroquel) / Psychosis, Schizophrenia, Bipolar disorder, Autism agitation behaviors/ metabolic syndrome (weight gain, diabetes, high cholesterol), agranuloytosis, insomnia,

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21
Q

Ace Inhibitors

A

captopril (Capoten) lisinopril (Prinivil) +many more - ALL END IN PRIL /used to treat HTN, HF (reduced pre and afterload)/ angioedema, cough, elevated K+ , kidney damage (monitor Bun/Cr), never with another RAAS

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22
Q

Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBS)

A

Losartan (Cozaar), valsartan (Diovan) - ALL END IN SARTAN/ used to treat HTN, HF (reduced pre and afterload)/ postural hypotension, elevated K+ , kidney damage (monitor Bun/Cr), never with another RAAS

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23
Q

Aldosterone Antagonists - K+ sparing

A

spironolactone (Aldactone); triamterene/ HTN, helps prevent adverse effects of aldosterone on cardiovascular structure and function in Heart Failure / hyperkalemia (monitor K+ - hold over 5, renal impairment, impotence, low libido

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24
Q

(non DHP) Ca++ Channel Blockers- relaxes ateries and slow HR conduction

A

verapamil (Calan), diltiazem (Cardizem): / HTN, angina, cardiac dysrrithmias/ severe hypotension, CHF, AV block

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25
Q

Dihydropyridines (DHP) - only on arteries - not heart

A

amlodipine (Norvasc)/ HTN/ Peripheral Edema, palpitations, fatigue

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26
Q

Alpha 1 Adrenergic Blockers

A

Doxazosin (Cardura); prazosin (Minipress); terazosin (Hytrin) ZOSIN or LOSIN / more for BPH, bladder relax / HA, postural hypotension, nasal congestion

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27
Q

Beta 1 Adrenergic Blockers

A

atenolol (Tenormin), metoprolol (Lopressor): selective Beta 1 block, propranolol (Inderal): non-selective Beta 1 block / HTN, angina, decreased mortality after MI, arrythmias / bradycardia, hypotension, bronchoconstricton, hypoglycemia

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28
Q

Alpha/Beta Blockers

A

carvedilol (Coreg), labetalol (Trandate) / CHF, HF / dizziness, bradycardia, hypotension, hypoglycemia, do not take w/ other alpha/beta blockers (exception: Labetalol used prn for bp)

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29
Q

direct peripheral vasodilation by relaxing smooth muscle of vessels

A

hydralazine (Apresoline), nitroprusside (Nitropress) / HTN, race based treatment when RAAS meds not tolerated / increases HR/palpitations, HA, nausea (due to dilation), fluid retention, SLE

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30
Q

Thiazide Diuretics

A

hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), metolazone (Zaroxolyn) / HTN, CHF, ascities, / Hyponatremia, Hypokalemia- thiazide and loop diuretic SE (watch EKG with K+), Monitor BUN/Cr/GFR- these drugs are ineffective if GFR is <20 monitor with all drugs

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31
Q

Loop Diuretics

A

furosemide (Lasix); bumetanide (Bumex)/ CHF, HTN/ Ototoxicity & Nephrotoxicity: if you give furosemide to fast the ears and kidneys suffer. Will get tinnitus. Monitor BUN/Cr, all electrolytes (K, Na primary). Causes low K and low Na

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32
Q

Potassium Sparing Diuretics (AKA ?Aldosterone Antagonist?)

A

spironolactone (Aldactone); triamterene (Dyrenium) / CHF, HTN / hyperkalemia, facial hair growth in females, or gynecomastia & impotence in males

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33
Q

Cardiac Glycosides/inotropic

A

digoxin (Lanoxin) / HF and treats arrythmias / CAN effects (Halos, see red or green), anorexia, nausea, hold if HR under 60

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34
Q

HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors ?Statins?

A

atorvastatin (Lipitor); simvastatin (Zocor); Rosuvastatin (Crestor); Pravastatin (Pravachol) / CAD - reduces LDLs / myopathy, rhabo (muscle aches, tendernessm weakness) (monitor kidney for CPK levels), monitor Liver labs

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35
Q

Nitrates

A

nitroglycerin (Nitro-Dur) patch, isosorbide mononitrate (Imdur) / CAD - treats angina, local vascualr issues / Teach Nitro Protocol for Administration. Check BP & Pulse, give 1 nitro under tongue ? wait 5 minutes, take BP & HR again, then give another 1 pill and again but no more than 3 doses. Do not take with P5 inhibitors (viagra)

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36
Q

Class I: Sodium Channel Blockers

A

IB: Lidocaine, Mexitil / ventricular arrhythmias / bradycardia, can make arrythmias worse, respiratory depression

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37
Q

Class II: Beta Blockers

A

metoprolol succinate (Toprol XL) metoprolol tartrate (Lopressor) / arrythmias, heart failure w/ reduced ejection fraction / CHF, bradycardia, bronchoconstriction

38
Q

Class III: K+ Channel Blockers

A

amiodarone (Cordarone); bretylium (Tikosyn); ibutilide (Corvert); sotalol (Betapace) / Vfib, Vtach / Pulmonary fibrosis is risk (get a PFT done) to know baseline lung function, blue/grey skin color. Prolonged QT, dig toxicity (K+ they have is being blocked). Lots of education needed (visual changes, nausea)

39
Q

Class IV: Ca++ Channel Blockers

A

verapamil (Calan); diltiazem (Cardizem) / Afib, Aflutter / CHF, AV block, bradycardia

40
Q

Class V & Miscellaneous

A

Digoxin, Magnesium Sulfate / HF and treats arrythmias / CAN effects (Halos, see red or green), anorexia, nausea, hold if HR under 60

41
Q

Short Acting Beta 2 adrenergic agonists (SABA)

A

albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin) / Use short-acting preparations for acute exacerbations / Chest pain, palpitations, tachycardia. Nervousness, restlessness, tremors, insomnia. Monitor and report dizziness, heart palpitations, chest pain, and shortness of breath. PRECAUTIONS, Diabetes mellitus - can cause hyperglycemia

42
Q

Long Acting Beta 2 adrenergic agonists

A

salmeterol (Serevent Diskus), salmeterol and fluticasone (Advair), budesonide and formoterol (Symbicort) / Use long-acting preparations for long-term control. / Chest pain, palpitations, tachycardia. Nervousness, restlessness, tremors, insomnia. Monitor and report dizziness, heart palpitations, chest pain, and shortness of breath. PRECAUTIONS, Diabetes mellitus - can cause hyperglycemia

43
Q

Inhaled anticholinergics

A

ipratropium (Atrovent, Atrovent HFA), tiotropium (Spiriva) / has drying effects - anticholinergic, heart palpitations, anxiety, thrush, rinse and spit with water after eacg use.

44
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Oral: prednisone; IV: methylprednisone, Inhaled: fluticasone propionate (Flovent), Nasal: fluticasone propionate (Flonase) / asthma, severe persistent / Hyperglycemia, Peptic ulcer disease, Infection, Cushings syndrome, avoid if you have had a live vacination

45
Q

Antihistamines

A

diphenhydramine (Benadryl), loratidine (Claritin) / antihistamine, decongestant / Drowsiness, dizziness, HA, Anticholinergic effects (dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision), chest tightness, hypotension

46
Q

Opioids

A

codeine / Stop the cough reflex when cough is non-productive / sedation, constipation, respiratory depression

47
Q

Non-opioid

A

dextromethorphan (Delsym, Robitussin); benzonatate (Tessalon Perles) / cough / Serotonin syndromw, potential for abuse, nausea, dizziness

48
Q

Expectorants

A

guaifenesin (Mucinex) / chest congestion / rash, vomitting, nasuea

49
Q

NSAIDS (Cox 1 & 2 Inhibitors)

A

aspirin (ASA- acetylsalicylic acid); ibuprofen (Motrin); naproxen (Aleve), indomethacin (Indocin); ketorolac (Toradol) / Pain ? reduces by inhibiting release of prostaglandins. Fever. Inflammation. platelet aggregation (aspirin) (*ONLY NSAID CONSIDERED CARDIOPROTECTIVE) / GI bleed and anti-platelet effect, easy bruising, petechiae

50
Q

Acetaminophen

A

Acetaminophen (Tylenol), Ofirmev IV / Analgesia for mild to moderate pain. Fever reduction / Liver damage (overdose). Max dose adult 4000 mg day. Do not drink alcohol

51
Q

Centrally Acting Nonopioids

A

tramadol (Ultram) / weak bond to the Mu Receptors and blocks reuptake of NE and Serotonin / Sedation, dizziness, Headache, nausea, vomiting, constipation. Respiratory depression (rare). Seizures (rare)
? Urinary retention

52
Q

Opioid Agonists

A

morphine; codeine, oxycodone (OxyContin); hydrocodone (Norco); fentanyl (Sublimaze), meperidine (Demerol); methadone / mu receptor agonists, some bind to delta receptors (morphine, fentanyl) ? reduces myocardial oxygen demand. We use in MI?s. / Respiratory depression, Sedation, dizziness, lightheadedness, drowsiness, headache

53
Q

Opioid Antagonists

A

naloxone (Narcan); naltrexone (used for opioid addiction) / opiod antagonist - reversal agent / 0.4-2 mg q2-3min prn. Increased respiratory rate, blood pressure, heart rate.

54
Q

Steroids

A

prednisone (Deltasone); hydrocortisone (Solu-Cortef); methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol) / decreases inflammation / Hyperglycemia. Myopathy. Peptic ulcer disease, gastrointestinal discomfort. Infection

55
Q

Uricosurics

A

Allopurinol (Zyloprim) probenecid; colchicine / uric acid reduction / Drowsiness, headache, vertigo.Agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, bone marrow depression. Metallic taste in the mouth

56
Q

Nonbiologic or DMARD I

A

methotrexate (Rheumatrex, Trexall), hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil), sulfasalazine (Azulfidine) / hydroxychloroquine ? for malaria and for Lupus, methotrexate for RA / Hepatotoxicity & bone marrow suppression

57
Q

SERMS- Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators

A

raloxifene (Evista); tamoxifen (used in women with a hx of breast cancer) / used as a hormone receptor in breast cancer / Monitor for thromboembolism and stroke.

58
Q

Bisphosphonates

A

alendronate (Fosamax); risedronate (Actonel); ibandronate (Boniva) / reduces bone reabsorption by inhbiting osteoclasts / esophagitis, muscle and joint pain

59
Q

Calcitonin

A

salmon calcitonin (Miacalcin) / for postmenopausal osteoporosis and Paget?s disease / Watch for nasal dryness (route intranasal) and hypocalcemia; Note electrolyte levels

60
Q

Calcium Supplements

A

Calcium citrate (Citracal); Calcium Carbonate (Tums) / for hypocalcemia / watch for constipation, upset stomach, Increase risk of kidney stones

61
Q

Sulfonylureas

A

glipizide (Glucotrol) / increases the release of insluin from the pancrease / given 30 minutes before meals, weight gain, heartburn

62
Q

Biguanides

A

metformin (Glucophage) ? first line drug / Biguanides used for type II diabetes mellitus / monitor for hypoglycemia, renal insufficiency (lactic acidosis when taken before receiving contrast), avoid alcohol consumption, can cause vitamin B12/folic acid deficiency ? anemia, red beefy tongue

63
Q

Rapid acting

A

lispro (Humalog), aspart (Novolog) ? subcutaneous delivery / rapid acting insulin for diabetes / Rapid onset, usually in about 15 minutes, peak 30 min-3 hours ? should be given within 15 minutes of mealtime, hypoglycemia

64
Q

Long acting

A

glargine (Lantus) and determir (Levemir) subcutaneous / Long acting insulin for diabetes / Monitor for hypoglycemia, fatigue and drowsiness, no food needed with glargine

65
Q

Hyperglycemics

A

glucagon (Glucagen) / raise blood glucose to therapeutic range. / if unconscious patient roll on side before injection and use the 15/15 carb method as well.

66
Q

Thyroid replacement

A

levothyroxine (Synthroid) - oral / Thyroid replacement ? hypothyroidism / Watch for hyperthyroidism (palpitations, diarrhea, flushing) ; do not take with grapefruit or high fiber foods

67
Q

Iron Supplements

A

ferrous sulfate or gluconate (Iron supplements), iron sucrose (Venofer) / iron supplement / take on empty stomach, black stools, constipation

68
Q

Folic Acids

A

Folic Acid, Vitamin B9 / supplement for megaloblastic anemia/pregnancy. / Patients can feel flushed when taking this and make sure you are correcting the right type of anemia

69
Q

B12

A

Cyanocobalamin, Vitamin B12 / man made Vitamin B12 - / important nutrient for the brain and nerves. Also needed to produce red blood cells.

70
Q

Heparins

A

heparin or enoxaparin (Lovenox) / Anticoagulant / Blood thinner, Monitor PTT, bleeding around mouth, wounds

71
Q

Coumarins

A

warfarin (Coumadin) / Anticoagulant / Monitor INR labs ( 2-3, normal is 1, expect artificial heart valve may be up to 3.5) and bloody stools/severe bleeding

72
Q

Selective Factor Xa

A

rivaroxaban (Xarelto) or apixaban (Eliquis) / Anticoagulant / DC 72 hours before procedure with bleeding risk, no labs to monitor

73
Q

Salicylate

A

Aspirin (ASA) / Antiplatelet, MI prophylaxis / Tinnitus ? hearing loss with extended use, Hold if platelets <100,000

74
Q

ADP Inhibitor

A

clopidogrel (Plavix), ticagrelor (Brilinta), prasugrel (Effient) / Antiplatelet ? inhibits platelet aggregation / Do not take with P450 inhibitors (omeprazole) and it can cause SOB.

75
Q

Penicillins

A

Amoxicillin/clavulanic (Augmentin), pipercillin/tazobactam (zozyn), penicillin G / penicillin (antibiotic) / cross rxn with cephalosporin and watch for GI upset, take whole prescription

76
Q

Cephalosporins

A

1st: Cephalexin (Keflex), 2nd: Cefuroxime (Zinacef), 3rd: Cefdinir, ceftriaxone (Rocephin), 4th: Cefepime (Maxipime), 5th ceftaroline (teflaro) / Cephalosporin/Antibiotic / Diarrhea, dizziness, itching, vomiting or heartburn, take whole prescription

77
Q

vancomycin

A

vancomycin (Vancocin) / vancomycin/antibiotic / red man syndrome, ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, get trough level before admin

78
Q

Tetracyclines

A

doxycycline (-cycline), minocycline / tetracylin/antibiotic, treats acne in adults/teens / Things to note: Pt should be educated that teeth discoloration can occur and they should stay out of the sun while taking (photosensitivity)

79
Q

Macrolides

A

erythromycin, azithromycin (-mycin) / Macrolides, antibiotic / Labs/Assessment/ Nursing Implication: cause photosensitivity, angioedema, hepatotoxicity- watch for LFT, ALT/AST,

80
Q

Fluoroquinolones

A

ciprofloxacin (Cipro), levofloxacin (-floxacin) / Fluoroquinolones/antibiotic - used for more serious bacterial infections. Monitor for tendon rupture and diarrhea. / Monitor for tendon rupture and diarrhea.

81
Q

Sulfonamides

A

trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim) / Sulfonamides/antibiotic - antibiotic for urinary tract infection. Used for bladder and kidney bacterial infection. hepatic necrosis. / Watch for hyperkalemia from the raised potassium in the body. Also can cause liver problem like

82
Q

Polyene antibiotics

A

Nystatin / Antibiotics - Fungal / Monitor for skin irritation, Educate patient about symptoms of an allergic reaction

83
Q

Histamine2-receptor antagonists ?-tidines?

A

famotidine (Pepcid), cimitidine (tagament) / H2 recpetor antagonist - for stomach ulcers / watch for seizures, hallucinations

84
Q

Proton pump inhibitors ?-prazoles?

A

omeprazole (Prilosec) / PPI, used to create a lining around the stomach to reduce the acid reflux / monitor for abdominal pain and diarrhea.

85
Q

Serotonin antagonists

A

ondansetron (Zofran) / Serotonin Inhibitor ? used to treat nausea / Give this drug prophylactically to patients taking opioids or coming out of surgery and give IV for fast effect. prolonged QT

86
Q

Prokinetic

A

metoclopramide (Reglan) / Anti-emetic, prokinetic / Educate patient about risk of tardive dyskinesia with long term use or high doses. Monitor for dehydration

87
Q

Others to review

A

dronabinol (Marinol) / this is a derivative of THC / this is used after other antiemetics didn?t work. This is can cause seizures, light-headedness, and confusion.

88
Q

Bulk-forming/fiber supplements

A

psyllium (Metamucil) / a bulk-forming/fiber supplement used for constipation. imbalances. / power form needs to be mixed with at least 8oz of water and drank very quickly (esophageal obstruction). careful w/ DM and watch for fluid and electrolyte

89
Q

Stool softeners/emollient laxatives

A

docusate sodium (Colace) / stool softener / Abdominal cramps, rash/fecal/Assess bowel pattern, I&O

90
Q

Stimulant laxatives

A

bisacodyl (Dulcolax) / stimulant laxative / Watch for abuse with dependence and electrolyte imbalance

91
Q

Estrogen Receptor Blockers

A

tamoxifen (Soltamox); raloxifene (Evista) ? bone / Given as prevention after mastectomy (decreases return of cancer in post-menopausal women). Prevent Breast CA in high risk healthy woman. Tamoxifen often given to keep people in remission / hot flashes, fluid retention, mood disorders, menstrual irregularities. Can increase risk for endometrial cancers, PE, DVT, n/v, cataracts

Pharmacology N322 (11 decks)

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