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Pharmacology > Pharm Exams 1 > Flashcards

Pharm Exams 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Properties that determine the onset, intensity, and duration of drug action

A

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination

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2
Q

Absorption

A

Transfer from site of administration to blood

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3
Q

Distribution

A

Transfer from blood to tissue and target sites

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4
Q

Mechanisms of drug absorption

A

Passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis

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5
Q

Oral administration advantages

A

*Safest
*Most common
*Convenient and economical

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6
Q

Oral administration disadvantages

A

*limited absorption for some drugs
* food may affect absorption
*patient compliance necessary
*drugs may be metabolized before systemic absorption

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7
Q

IV administration advantages

A

*can have immediate effects
*ideal if dosed large volumes
* suitable for irritating substances
* valuable emergency situations
*dosage titration permissible
*ideal high molecular weight proteins and peptide drugs

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8
Q

IV Administration disadvantages

A

*Unsuitable for oily substances
*bolus injection may result in adverse effects
* most substances must be slowly injected
*strict aseptic techniques required

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9
Q

SQ administration advantages

A

*suitable for slow release drugs
*ideal for some poorly soluble suspensions

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10
Q

SQ administration disadvantages

A

*pain or necrosis if drug irrritating
*unsuitable for drugs administered in large volumes

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11
Q

IM administration advantages

A

*suitable if drug volume moderate
*suitable oily vehicles and certain irritating substances
*preferable to IV if patient must self administer

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12
Q

IM Administration disadvantages

A

*affects certain lab tests (creatinine kinase)
*can be painful
*can cause intramuscular hemorrhage

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13
Q

Transdermal (patch) administration advantages

A

*bypasses first effect
*convenient and painless
*ideal for lipophilic drugs and drugs with poor oral bioavailability
*ideal for drugs that are quickly eliminated from the body

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14
Q

Transdermal administration disadvantages

A

*allergies
*drug must be highly lipophilic
*may cause delayed delivery of drug to pharmacological site of action
*limited to drugs that can be taken in small daily doses

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15
Q

Rectal administration advantages

A

*partially bypasses first pass effect
*bypasses destruction by stomach acid
*ideal in patients who are vomiting or comatose

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16
Q

Rectal administration disadvantages

A

*drugs may irritate rectal mucosa
*not a well accepted route

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17
Q

Inhalation administration advantage

A

*rapid absorption, can have immediate effects
*ideal for gases
*effective for patients with respiratory problems
*dose can be titrated
* localized effect to target lungs: lower doses than oral or parenteral administration

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18
Q

Inhalation administration disadvantage

A

*most addictive route
*patient may have difficulty regulating dose
*some patients may have difficulty using inhalers

19
Q

Sublingual administration advantages

A

*bypasses first effect
* bypasses destruction by stomach acid
* drug stability maintained because the pH of saliva is relatively neutral
*may cause immediate pharmacological effects

20
Q

Sublingual administration disadvantages

A

*limited to certain types of drugs
*limited to drugs that can be taken in small doses
*may lose part of the drug dose if swallowed

21
Q

Passive Diffusion

A

Molecules diffuse from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
***
Think passing a ball you would throw to someone holding less

22
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Use of transport proteins that move molecules or ions
***
Think of transport proteins as a facility they move through

23
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Use of transport proteins that move molecules or ions

24
Q

Active transport

A

Molecules diffuse from area of lower concentration to area of higher concentration, require ATP
***
Active=energy, more energy to push through a busy area than into a quiet area

25
Q

Endocytosis

A

Cells take substances from surrounding environment by engulfing within plasma membrane vesicles
***
ENdo ENgulf

26
Q

Factors that influence drug absorption

A

*pH
*blood flow
*total surface area
*contact time
*expression p. Glycoprotein

27
Q

How does pH influence drug absorption?

A

Influences charge of a drug. Charged drugs do not cross membranes easily and are therefor not well absorbed

28
Q

Weak acids are better absorbed in ___ environment

A

Acidic

29
Q

Weak bases are better absorbed in ____ environment.

A

Basic

30
Q

How does blood flow influence drug absorption?

A

Reduced blood flow= reduced exposure to drug. The concentration gradient is lowered and absorption is reduced by passive diffusion.

31
Q

In the kidney, glomeruli have what type of capillaries?

A

Fenestrated capillary, the largest filtration slits which allow drugs to pass.

32
Q

What type of capillaries are found in the liver?

A

Sinusoidal capillary, sinusoids are also discontinuous endothelial cells.

33
Q

The blood brain barrier is a tight barrier that only allows ___ soluble compounds to get past.

A

Lipid

34
Q

The capillaries of the blood brain barrier are what type?

A

Continuous capillary

35
Q

How does total surface area influence drug absorption?

A

Larger surface area allows for better absorption (more space for absorption to take place) and also typically has a larger blood supply for a drug to move down the concentration gradient.

36
Q

Contact time

A

Longer contact time = increased absorption, shorter contact time=decreased absorption

37
Q

How does the expression of P Glycoprotein influence drug absorption?

A

Significantly decreased drug absorption by actively pumping drugs back into the intestinal lumen. This limits the amount of drug that can enter the bloodstream from the gut. Essentially a barrier to drug absorption

38
Q

Bioavailability

A

The rate and extent to which a drug is absorbed after administration.

39
Q

Formula for bioavailability

A

Area under the curve (non IV)/ Area under the curve by IV

40
Q

Four factors that influence bioavailability

A

*1st pass hepatic metabolism
*Drug solubility
*drug stability
*drug formulation

41
Q

First pass hepatic metabolism affect bioavailability?

A

Oral administration requires drugs to go through the liver where they can be metabolized

42
Q

How does Drug solubility influence bioavailability?

A

A readily absorbed drug must be lipophilic to cross membranes easily

43
Q

How does Drug stability influence bioavailability?

A

Drugs taken orally must pass the acidic stomach, chemical structure will determine bioavailability

44
Q

How does drug formulation influence bioavailability?

A

Drug formulation alters chemistry: particle size, coatings, binders

tablet, capsule, cream, gel, etc

Pharmacology (4 decks)

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