Pharm Exam #1: Inflammation

Question 1

What are the 2 types of inflammation

Answer 1

1. Acute Inflammation
2. Chronic Inflammation

Question 2

Acute Inflammation Overview

Answer 2

-Rapid, short term
-Response to infection, injury, or toxins
-Resolves within hours to days

Question 3

Common Causes of Acute Inflammation

Answer 3

1. Infections
2. Physical Injuries (cuts, burns, fractures, surgery)
3. Chemical Exposure (toxins, irritants)
4. Allergic reactions
5. Tissue necrosis (ischemia, infarction)

Question 4

Chronic Inflammation Overview

Answer 4

-Long term inflammation
-Causes continuous tissue damage and organ dysfunction
-Contributes to autoimmune disorders, cancer, and neurodegenerative disease

Question 5

Chronic Inflammation Conditions

Answer 5

-RA
-TB
-Atherosclerosis

Question 6

The stages of inflammatory response

Answer 6

1. Vascular
2. Cellular
3. Systemic

Question 7

Vascular Phase Steps

Answer 7

1. Transient vasoconstriction (short)
2. Vasodilation (due to histamine, bradykinin)
3. Increased capillary permeability (allows plasma, WBCs, and platelets to reach injury site)
4. Leads to signs of inflammation

Question 8

Cellular Phase

Answer 8

-WBC: migrate to injury site

-Chemotaxis: chemical signals direct WBC movement to affected area

-Margination: WBCs adhere to blood vessel wall

-Diapedesis: WBCs squeeze through capillary pores to enter tissue

-Neutrophils: arrive 6-24hrs

-Monocytes/macrophages: arrive 24-48hrs

-Phagocytosis: WBC engulf and destroy pathogens and debris

Question 9

Systemic Response

Answer 9

-Inflammatory Mediators: cytokines, prostaglandins, TNF-alpha, interleukins
-Cause:
Fever, lymphadenopathy, leukocytosis, anorexia, fatigue, weight loss

Question 10

Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-a)

Answer 10

-Source: Macrophages
-Effects:
fever, weight loss, low BP in spesis

Question 11

Interleukins

Answer 11

-Source: Macrophages
-Effects:
Stimulate WBC prod, fever, fatigue

Question 12

Histamine

Answer 12

-Source: Mast cells, basophils, platelets
-Effects:
Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, allergy symptoms

Question 13

Kinins

Answer 13

-Source: Liver, lungs, kidneys
-Effects:
Pain, vasodilation, smooth muscle contraction

Question 14

Platelet-activating factor (PAF)

Answer 14

-Source: Platelets, WBCs
-Effects:
Promotes clotting, blood vessel repair

Question 15

Prostaglandins (PGs)

Answer 15

-Source: Leukocytes
-Effects:
Cause pain, fever, muscle contractions

Question 16

Leukotrienes

Answer 16

-Source: Mast cells
-Effects:
Cause bronchospasm, increased vascular permeablility

Question 17

Prostaglandin Synthesis Pathways

Answer 17

1. COX-1 Pathway
2. COX-2 Pathway

Question 18

COX-1 Pathway

Answer 18

-Produces protective prostaglandins: gastric mucus, kidney perfusion, clotting

Question 19

COX-2 Pathway

Answer 19

-Produces inflammatory prostaglandins:
pain, fever, swelling

Question 20

Neutrophils

Answer 20

-First responders
-Phagocytize bacteria and debris

Question 21

Lymphocytes

Answer 21

-Involved in viral infections and chronic inflammation

Question 22

Monocytes/Macrophages

Answer 22

-Remove dead cells
-Long-lived phagocytes

Question 23

Eosinophils

Answer 23

-Fight parasites
-Involved in allergic reactions

Question 24

Basophils/Mast Cells

Answer 24

-Release histamine
-Mediate allergic responses

Question 25

Leukocytosis

Answer 25

-Elevated WBC

Question 26

Leukopenia

Answer 26

-Decreased WBC
-Typhoid fever, viral infections