Pharm Exam #1: Immunity

Question 1

Types of Immunity

Answer 1

1. Innate Immunity
2. Adaptive Immunity

Question 2

Innate Immunity Definition

Answer 2

The body’s first line of defense, providing immediate, nonspecific protection

Question 3

Adaptive Immunity Definition

Answer 3

A specific, learned response developed after antigen exposure, with memory for future protection

Question 4

Components of Innate Immunity

Answer 4

1. Anatomical Barriers
2. Cellular Defense
3. Chemical Defense

Question 5

Anatomical Barriers

Answer 5

1. Skin and mucous membranes
2. Respiratory Defense
   -Mucus and cilia trap and expel invaders
3. GI Tract
   -saliva, gastric mucus and HCl destroy pathogens

Question 6

Cellular Defense

Answer 6

1. Phagocytic Cells
   -Macrophages and neutrophils
   -Engulf and destroy
2. Natural Killer (NK) Cells
   -Lymphocytes that attack virus infected and cancerous cells
3. Complement System
   -Proteins that enhance immune response

Question 7

Chemical Defenses

Answer 7

Cytokines, Interferons, HCl
-Protect against infections by modulating inflammation and immune function

Question 8

Monocyte-Macrophage System Function

Answer 8

1. Engulf and destroy pathogens via phagocytosis
2. Secrete cytokines that regulate immune response
3. Present antigens to adaptive immune cells (initiate specific immune response)

Question 9

Adaptive Immunity Response

Answer 9

1. Cell-Mediated Immunity (T Cells)
   -Direct attack on infected cells
2. Humoral Immunity (B Cells and Antibodies)
   -Production of antibodies that neutralize pathogens

Question 10

Types of Lymphocytes

Answer 10

1. T Lymphocytes (T Cells)
2. B Lymphocytes (B Cells)

Question 11

T Lymphocytes (T Cells)

Answer 11

1. CD4 Cells (Helper T Cells)
   -Coordinate immune responses by stimulating other immune cells
2. CD8 Cells (Cytotoxic T Cells)
   -Directly kill infected or abnormal cells
3. Regulatory T Cells
   -Help prevent autoimmune response

Question 12

B Lymphocytes (B Cells)

Answer 12

-Mature into plasma cells which produce immunoglobulins (IGs) (antibodies)

-Form memory B cells for long-term immunity

Question 13

Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs) Function

Answer 13

-APCs (dendritic cells & macrophages)
-Capture, process and present antigens to activate T cells

Question 14

Igs and Antibody-mediated Immunity

Answer 14

-B cells produce antibodies (immunoglobulins) which bind to and neutralize pathogens
-5 types

Question 15

IgM

Answer 15

First responder during an infection

Question 16

IgG

Answer 16

-Most abundant
-Provides long-term immunity

Question 17

IgA

Answer 17

Found in mucosal secretions

Question 18

IgE

Answer 18

Involved in allergic reactions

Question 19

IgD

Answer 19

Plays a minor role in immune activation

Question 20

Primary Immune Response

Answer 20

-First encounter with an antigen
-Produces a slow, initial immune response

Question 21

Secondary Response (Memory Response)

Answer 21

-Faster and stronger immune reaction
-Often prevents disease

Question 22

Active Acquired Immunity

Answer 22

-Developed naturally through infection or vaccination
-Provides long-term protection because body produces its own antibodies

Question 23

Passive Acquired Immunity

Answer 23

-Given premade antibodies (maternal, antibody injections)
-Provides immediate but short-term protection

Question 24

Live Attenuated Vaccines

Answer 24

-Contain weakened but live microbes
-Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR)

Question 25

Inactivated Vaccines

Answer 25

-Use killed microbes
-Polio, flu

Question 26

mRNA Vaccines

Answer 26

-Teach cells to produce an antigen
-COVID-19

Question 27

Toxoid Vaccines

Answer 27

-Contain inactivated toxins
-Tetanus, diphtheria