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Pharm > Pharm Exam 1 > Flashcards

Pharm Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

6 Rights

A 
drug
dose
time
route
patient
documentation
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2
Q

Drugs - Chemical Name

A

Atomic and molecular structure

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3
Q

Drugs - Generic Name

A

Name of the drug typically derived from the chemical name (e.g. diazapam)

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4
Q

Drugs - Trade Name

A

Brand name or proprietary name –> drug company (e.g. Valium)

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5
Q

Pharmacology

A

The study or science of drugs

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6
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

Study of drug distribution rates. Includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

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7
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

Study of biochemical and physiologic interactions of drugs

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8
Q

Pharmacotherapeutics

A

Treatment of pathologic conditions through the use of drugs

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9
Q

Pharmacognosy

A

Study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant and animal sources

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10
Q

Toxicology

A

Study of poisons

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11
Q

IV

A 
No barriers to absorption
immediate systemic response
Faster action
Eliminated quicker
Irreversible
Expensive
Poor self-administration
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12
Q

IM

A 
Only barrier is capillary wall
May be slow or quick absorption
Depot preparations allow extended time for absorb
Discomfort
Inconvenient
Possible nerve damage
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13
Q

SQ

A

No significant barriers to absorption, similar adv/disadv

Rubbing site not always beneficial

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14
Q

Oral

A

Tablets, enteric-coated, sustained-release.
Slow and variable absorption
Convenient to take
Inexpensive
Gastric syst. breaks down med, absorbed in small intestine

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15
Q

Biotransformation

A

Enzymatic alteration of drug structure

Drugs gotten rid of as toxins via enzyme system
Increased water solubility, excreted through Renal system

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16
Q

Excretion

A

Removal of drugs from the body
Renal primary organ
Liver and Bowel also involved; lungs; skin
Exocrine (sweat, saliva, mammary)

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17
Q

Half-life

A

Time required for the total amt of the drug to diminish by one half

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18
Q

Onset

A

Time until elicits therapeutic response

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19
Q

Peak

A

Time takes drug to reach maximum ther. response

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20
Q

Plateau Level

A

Steady state, where drug input equals drug output

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21
Q

Loading Dose

A

Initial dose, usually larger amount

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22
Q

Maintenance Dose

A

Smaller, required to replace drug as eliminated

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23
Q

SALICYLATE (asprin)

A

MOA: inhibit COX enzyme
INDICATIONS: RA; OsteoA; fever; analgesic (mild to moderate pain); manage dysmenorrhea; anti-platlet; prevent colon cancer
INTERACTIONS: anticoagulants, glucocordicoids, alcohol, NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, vaccines
SE/AE: GI effects, bleeding, renal impairment, anemia/hemorrage in pregnancy, hypersensitivity reactions, ED.
TOXICITY: respiratory depression; acidosis; hyperthermia; sweating; dehydration; elect imbal.
ABSORBED: sm Intest. EXCRETE: renal HALF-LIFE: 15-20 min

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24
Q

Novolog/Humalog

A

short duration, rapid acting INSULIN

  • onset: 10-30 minutes
  • peak: 30-90 minutes
  • duration: 3-6 hours
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25
Q

Humulin R/Novolin R

A

short duration, longer acting “regular insulin”

  • onset: 30-60 min
  • peak: 1-5 hours
  • duration: 6-10 hours
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26
Q

Humilin N/Novolin N

A

Intermediate duration INSULIN NPH

  • onset: 1-2 hours
  • peak: 6-14 hours
  • duration: 16-24 hours
  • only longer duration insulin that can be mixed with short duration insulins
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27
Q

Lantus (Insulin Glargine)

A

Long duration.

  • onset: 70 minutes
  • no peak
  • duration: 24 hours
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28
Q

pre-mixed insulin

A

Humalog 75/25; Humalog 50/50; Novolog 70;30

29
Q

describe disease process of diabetes

A

reduced or halted insulin production/secretion caused by destruction of beta cells in pancreas AND/OR de-synthesized insulin receptors on tissue cells. Impairs ability of cells to absorb and utilize glucose from the blood

30
Q

what are complications of Diabetes?

A

Short term: Acute DKA; hypoglycemia; hyperosmolar non-ketonic acidosis
Long term: macrovascular damage leading to stroke, CHD, hypertension; microvascular damage leading to retinopathy, nephropathy, sensory/motor neuropathy, gastroparesis, infections, ED.

31
Q

biguanides (Metfromin)

A

MOA: inhibits glucose production in liver; inhibits glucose absorption in GI; sensitizes insulin receptors. Increases glucose tolerance.
INDICATIONS: drug of choice for DM2, gestational diabetes, prevention for pre-diabetics, polycystic ovary syndrome
SE/AE: decreased appetite; nausea; diarrhea. not metabolized in body increases risk of toxicity: lactic acidosis
INTERACTIONS: alcohol

32
Q

Sulfonylurea (Glipizide, Glyburide, Micronized, Glimepiride)

A

MOA: stimulates insulin release from pancreas
INDICATIONS: DM2 to decrease BG when diet & exercise has failed or needs assistance
CONTRAINDICATIONS: known drug allergy; active hypoglycemia; pregnancy
SE/AE: hypoglycemia; cardiovascular toxicity;
INTERACTIONS: alcohol; beta blockers; NSAIDs

33
Q

thiazolidinediones aka TZDs (Glitazones)

A

*has had serious AEs. only drug left on market in this class is Pioglitazone
MOA: decrease BG by decreasing insulin resistance
INDICATIONS: DM2 in correlation with Metformin
SE/AE: URI; headache; sinusitis; myalgia; hypoglycemia; cardiac risks; bladdar cancer risk
INTERACTIONS: insulin therapy, statins, cimetidine, rifampin

34
Q

meglitinides (Glinides)

prototype: Repaglinide (prandin, gluconorm)

A

MOA: stimulates insulin release
INDICATIONS: DM2
SE/AE: well tolerated; hypoglycemia primary SE
INTERACTIONS: Lopid (used to decrease triglicerides)

35
Q

Alpha-Glucosidase inhibitors (Acarbose)

A

MOA: delays absorbtion of carbs after meal
INDICATIONS: DM2
SE/AE: flatulence, abdominal distention, cramps, diarrhea. * long term use can cause liver dysfunction

36
Q

Gliptins (DPP-4 inhibitors)

A

**3rd line of therapy used only when others don’t work
MOA: enhancement of incretin hormones which assist from increased BGL
SE/AE: well tolerated. URI, headache, very little hypoglycemia, rare pancreatitis & severe hypersensitivity reactions

37
Q

Pramlintide
Exenatide
Liraglutide

A

injected medications for DM (Pramlintide works for DM1 & 2, others work only in DM2)
*used only after all other drugs don’t work

38
Q

Ideal Drug

A

Effective: Obtains response for which administered

Safe (as possible): all drugs have potential of causing harm

Selective: Elicits only the response for which it is given

39
Q

Suprainfection

A

New infection that appears during the course of treatment for primary infection. eg infections develop when antibiotics eliminate the inhibitory influence of normal flora

40
Q

Nosocomial Infections

A

Hospital caught. Was not present or incubating before admission or 72 hours after admission.

41
Q

Absorption

A

Movement of blood from site of administration into the blood.

42
Q

Distribution

A

Movement of drugs throughout the body

43
Q

Drug Elimination: Damage

A

Previous renal, liver, bowel, lung, exocrine gland, skin injuries can affect elimination of drugs from body

44
Q

Adverse Drug Reaction

A

Any noxious, unintended, undesired effect that occurs at normal drug doses

45
Q

Side Effect

A

Nearly unavoidable secondary drug effect produced at therapeutic doses

46
Q

Iatrogenic Effect

A

Hazards to a patient’s organs from drug damage (e.g. renal damage from antibiotics)

47
Q

Correct Sub-Q Injection

A

Inject on rotating sites in the thigh, abdomen, lower back or upper arm. Inject at a 90 or 45 degree angle straight into the skin. 90 degrees if you can pinch up the skin and 45 if you cant. Pinch skin to inject into the fatty layer or cutaneous layer. Use a 5/8th needle gauge 25-27

48
Q

Agonist

A

When drug displays affinity for a receptor and enhances the functional properties of the receptor (e.g. opioids)

49
Q

Antagonist

A

That which prevents a response from occurring (e.g. Narcan)

50
Q

Teratogenic Effect

A

Mutant babies

51
Q

Maximal Efficacy

A

Largest effect that a drug can produce

52
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Deficiency of thyroid hormone, insufficient iodine, removed thyroid.
Cretinism in infants
May result in myxedema, goiter
low energy, hear rate, hypothermia, hair loss
Low T3/T4, High TSH
see: Synthroid Administration

53
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Graves disease & toxic nodular goiter
Most common, women 20-40
Nervous, insomnia, BMR increase, wt loss, rapid speech. Surgery and radiation
High T3/T4, Low TSH

54
Q

Hemoglobin A1c

A

Serum test that provides an index for the average glucose levels for previous 2-3 mos
Keep below 7%

55
Q

Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)

A

Glucagon triggered by pancreas, stimulating liver to release glucose into bloodstream. Test for insulin response to maintain blood sugars.

56
Q

Telavancin Too Quickly

A

Red Man Syndrome

flushing, rash, pruritus

57
Q

Cephalosporins

A

Beta-Lactam, similar to penicillin
Broad spectrum
Given when allergic to pen.

58
Q

Categories: Controlled Substances

A

C1 through C5
C5 least addictive/ most therapeutic
C1 most addictive/ least therapeutic
C1 heroin, C5 codeine

59
Q

Penicillin G

A

Prototype for penicillins, beta lactamase- effective against gram +/- bacteria. Routes: IM or IV and excreted via the renal system. Least toxic of all antibiotics but the most allergic reaction to.

Indications: pneumonia, meningitis, infectious endocarditis, strep infections, some strains of staph aureus, some forms of gonorrhea, and syphilis

60
Q

Synthroid (Levothyroxine)

A

Most freq. used replacement thyroid hormone.
For hypothyroidism, works to suppress TSH release from the pituitary gland and “level” out their T4/T3 levels. Since levothyroxine is T4, when the levels increase TSh is suppressed.

61
Q

Macrolides

A

eg Erythromycin & Azithromycin
Broad spectrum, similar to penicillin
Affect bacterial protein synthesis
Treats Gram +/- bacteria, Legionnaires, bordella pertussis, acute diptheria, chlamydia, resp. infections.

62
Q

Tetracycline, doxycyline S.E.

A

Incr. sensitivity of Skin to sunlight.
Suprainfections
Diarrhea, GI and abdominal stress.
Yellowing teeth kids up to 8

63
Q

Metformin as MGMT Strategy

A

Pre-diabetic can take to decrease the development of Type II Diab. Improves glucose tolerance and lowers BG levels. Can be taken during preggers, not breastfeeding.

64
Q

Cephalosporins

A 
Beta-lactam similar to to penicillin
Most active during growth and cell division
Given IV & excreted through renal
Broad-spectrum, nonactive against MRSA
Given if allergic to penicillin
65
Q

NSAID: MOA

A

Inhibit COX, enzyme that converts arachidonic acid into prostanoids which in turn promotes inflammation, sensitizes receptors to pain

66
Q

NSAID: first gen

A

Inhibit Cox 1&2

  1. Aspirin
  2. Non-aspirin: Ibuprofen, Naproxen (Aleve)
67
Q

NSAID: second gen

A

Celebrex
Inhibit COX 2 only
Analgesic and anti-inflamm
Does not cause gastric ulceration

68
Q

NSAID: Non-NSAID

A

Acetaminophen

Antipyretic & analgesic, not anti-inflamm

69
Q

Vancomycin: AE

A

Used only for serious infections for fear of bacterial resistance

Major toxicity is Renal Failure

Thrombophlebitis avoided by diluting V and switching infusion sites

Pharm (3 decks)

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