Pharm antimicrobials 3 Flashcards
what are the nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors?
fluoroquinolones, metronidazole, rifamycin
what are the fluoroquinolones
-floxacin
ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin
fluoroquinolones mechanism
FLOCK OF SINNERS
- gyrating (inhibit DNA gyrase - topoisomerase II and IV)
- bactericidal
what must fluoroquinolones not be taken with?
antacids (divalent cations chelate oral quinolones_
fluoroquinolones spectrum
gram - rods of urinary and GI tracts including pseudomonas, neisseria, intracellulars, also some gram + (bug that would ruin a party! bring the party inside!) STDs, UTIs, GI and ab infections
side effects of fluoroquinolones
GI irritibility - vomiting, diarrhea (hang over), superinfections, skin rashes, headache, dizziness, tendonitis, prolonged QT
who is fluoroquinolones contraindicated in? why?
children and pregnant - hurt attachments to bones - damage cartilage (CHILDREN AND PREGNANT CAN’T DRINK!)
what are the only oral agents effective against pseudomonas?
levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin
metronidazole mechanism
forms toxic free radicals in bacterial cell that damage DNA - bactericidal, antiprotozoal
metronidazole spectrum
anaerobes BELOW the diaphragm - excluding actinomycetes and peptostreptococcus (get on the METRO with METROnidazole!)
covers C difficile!
also covers the protozoa (trichomonas, giardia, entamoeba histolytica)
what are the two drugs that cover c difficile?
metronidazole or vancomycin
what is used in triple therapy against h pylori?
metronidazole, clarithromycin, proton pump inhibitor
metronidazole side effects
disulfiram-like reaction (severe flushing, tachycardia, hypotension) with alcohol; headache, metallic taste
what are the rifamycins?
RIF-
rifampin, rifabutin, rifaximin
rifamycins mechanism
inhibit DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (inhibit RNA synthesis)
rifamycin spectrum
mycobacterium mostly, also gram + and gram - as adjunctive therapy
what are the 4 Rs of rifamycins?
- RNA polymerase inhibitor
- Ramps up microsomal cytochrome P-450 (BUT rifaBUTin does not)
- Red/orange body fluids
- Rapid resistance if used alone
rifamycin side effects
minor hypatotoxicity and drug interaction, orange body fluids
which rifamycin is preferred in HIV infection?
rifabutin! (less P-450)
what are the antituberculosis drugs?
isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, rifamycins
isoniazid mechanism
inhibition of mycolic acid synthesis (large fatty acid in cell wall of mycobacteria)
what is the only agent used as solor prophylaxis against TB? and monotherpay for latent TB?
isoniazid for both
isoniazid side effects
hepatotoxicity, p-450 inhibition, drug induced SLE, vitamine B6 deficiency
what needs to be administered with isoniazid?
vit B6
